Amasiko aseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 (ngokufishane)

Isiko laseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 yisigaba esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izindinganiso ezingokomoya nezokuziphatha zomphakathi waseRussia. Kuyamangalisa indlela inqubo yokudala eyathatha ngayo, ukujula kokuqukethwe kwayo kanye nokucekelwa kwamafomu ayo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka umphakathi wamasiko uye wavela ezingeni elisha: ama-multi-faceted, polyphonic, ahlukile.

Ukulungiswa kokuzalwa nokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko "we-golden age"

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesiko laseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 kwakungenxa yezinga eliphakeme lezintshisekelo zikazwelonke. Imfundo yobuntu, eyaqala ngaphansi kukaCatherine II, yakhuthaza ekuthuthukiseni imfundo, ukuvulwa kwezikhungo ezahlukene zezifundo kanye nokwandiswa kwamathuba okuthola ulwazi olusha.

Imingcele kahulumeni yahlukaniswa, endaweni lapho abantu abangaba ngu-165 bahlala khona namasiko abo kanye nemicabango yabo. Amasiko alabo ababengaphambi kwawo aqhutshwa yizihambi ezintsha namaphayona.

Impi yaseRashiya neFrance ye-1812 yathonya ukubunjwa kwengqondo yokuthanda izwe, izimiso zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha kwabantu baseRussia. Isiko lobuciko baseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 lakhanga isithakazelo sokuziqhenya kwezwe okwasekwa emphakathini.

Kodwa-ke, isimo sezombusazwe esivele ezweni asizange sinikeze inkululeko egcwele yokugcwalisa yonke imibono yobuciko. Ukuvuswa kwamaDecembrists kanye nemisebenzi yemiphakathi eyimfihlo kwaphoqelela ababusi baseRussia ukuba bavimbele ukungena kwemibono ephakeme kunoma yimiphi imikhakha yamasiko.

Isayensi

Ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundo yomphakathi kuboniswe emasikweni aseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19. Ngokufushane kungabizwa ngokuthi kabili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhungo ezintsha zezemfundo zavulwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwenziwa izinyathelo eziqinile zokucwaninga, isibonelo, izifundo zefilosofi zaqedwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanyuvesi kanye nama-gymnasiums babelokhu beqondiswa ngokuqinile eMnyango Wezemfundo.

Naphezu kwalokhu, isiko laseRashiya engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 libhekene nokuzikhandla okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi.

Biology and Medicine

Ebuthelwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, izinto eziphathelene nesilwane nezitshalo zazifuna ukucubungula nokuthuthukiswa kwezinkolelo ezintsha. Lokhu kwahilela ama-naturalist KM. I-Baer, I.A. Dvigubsky, I.E. Dyadkovsky.

Iqoqo elicebile kakhulu kwezitshalo nezilwane ezivela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba laqoqwa. Futhi ngo-1812 i-Botanical Garden yavulwa eCrimea.

NI Ivanov wenza igalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imithi. Amaphayi. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwakhe okungenabugovu, izwe lafunda ukuthi ukuhlinzeka enkundleni yasempi kuyini.

I-Geology ne-Astronomy

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, i-geology yayilinde isikhathi sayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalo kwakuthola wonke amazwe aseRussia.

Impumelelo ebalulekile kwaba ukuhlanganiswa kwebalazwe lokuqala lezwe laseRussia ngo-1840. Ingabe lo mseshi-ososayensi-NI. Koksharov.

I-astronomy idinga izibalo eziqaphile neziqaphileyo nokubheka. Kuthatha isikhathi eside. Le nqubo yenziwe lula lapho ngo-1839 i-Pulkovo Observatory yasungulwa.

Izibalo kanye neFiziki

Ezibalo, ukutholakala komhlaba wonke jikelele kwenziwa. Ngakho, i-N.I. ULochechevsky wadumala nge "geometry" yakhe engeyona Euclidean. P.L. U-Chebyshev ulungele umthetho wezinombolo ezinkulu, futhi uMv. V. U-Ostrogradsky wayehlanganyele emishini yokuhlaziya nokusezulwini.

Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-19 ingabizwa ngokuthi isikhathi segolide se-physics, emva kwakho konke, i-telegraph yokuqala ye-electromagnetic (PL Schilling) yasungulwa, umphumela wokuhlola ukukhanya kagesi (VV Petrov) yasungulwa, futhi isakhi segesi (EH Lenz) sakhiwa.

Izakhiwo

Isiko lobuciko baseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 lakhanga isithakazelo esikhulu somphakathi. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwayo kwakuwukuguqulwa okusheshayo kwezitayela, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo.

Kuzokwakhiwa kuze kube yi-1840s ebusa ubuciko beklasi. Isitayela seMbuso singatholakala ezakhiweni eziningi ezinhlokweni ezimbili, kanye nezikhungo eziningi zezifunda ezazihlala emadolobheni wesifundazwe.

Ngalesi sikhathi, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokwakha kuyisici. Isibonelo, i- Theater Square Moscow noma iSenate eSt. Petersburg.

Abameli abathintekayo balesi sitayela babeletha isiko laseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19. I-Architecture yaboniswa emisebenzini ye-A.D. Zakharova, K.I. Rossi, D.I. Gilyardi, O.I. I-Beauvais.

Umbuso uthathe indawo yesitayela saseRussia-Byzantine, lapho iKathedral of Christ uMsindisi yakhiwa khona, i-Armory Chamber (umakhi KA Ton).

Ukudweba

Kule nkathi, ukudweba kubonakala ngentshisekelo kubuntu bomuntu ojwayelekile. Abaculi basuka ezinkambisweni zendabuko zezinkolelo zeBhayibheli.

I-Classicism emidwebeni yayimelelwe nguKarl Bryullov, odweba kwakhe wabonisa ubuqhawe, isithunzi nobukhulu bomuntu ovamile. Imisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu yi-The Last Day of Pompeii, The Horsewoman, The Self-Portrait, njll.

Isiphetho esibuhlungu sabhekana nomdwebi omkhulu uAA Ivanov, umbhali womsebenzi omkhulu "Ukubonakala kukaKristu kubantu." Ngaphezu kwalokho, wasebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. Futhi wafa, futhi wayengazi ukuthi ukunqoba okukhazimulayo lesi sithombe sasinakho.

Isisekelo sobuqiniso sabeka iPadotov, odweba ngezindlela zakhe zokuxhumana nomphakathi okwenziwe ngumphakathi. Wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi "Umshayeli Omusha" noma "Ukukhwabanisa Omkhulu".

Ukudweba

Isiko laseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 lakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lempi yokugcina ka-1812 neNapoleon. Yathinta isithombe. Isikhumbuzo esidumile esiya eMinin nasePozharsky, esiseRed Square Square, umculi I.P. UMartos wavusa phakathi kwempi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesithombe sokubukwa kweRussia esingenakulinganiswa bekungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kweF.F. I-Shchedrin, i-caryatids yayo ehlobisa izakhiwo ze-Admiralty.

Phakathi kwalezi zithombe ezivelele zaleso sikhathi kwakungu-I.I. I-Terebenev (i-Poltava Battle), i-V.I. Demut-Malinovsky, B.I. Orlovsky (isibalo sengelosi ku-Alexander Column), njll.

Umculo

Isiko laseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 sinethonya elikhulu lesikhathi esidlulile. Umculo uthonywe yizingoma zomculo, kanye nezindikimba zikazwelonke. Lezi zimbali zibonisa i-opera "Ivan Susanin" K.A. I-Kavos, imisebenzi ka-A.A. Alyabyeva, A.E. I-Varlamov.

M.I. I-Glinka ibamba indawo ephakathi kwabaqambi. Wamukela amasiko amasha futhi wathola izinhlobo ezingakaze zibe khona. I-Opera "Ukuphila kwe-Tsar" kubonisa ngokugcwele umsebenzi womsakazo wonke.

Isiko laseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 lazala omunye umqambi ohlakaniphile owazisa uhlobo lomdlalo wengqondo. Lona ngu-A.S. UDargomyzhsky ne-Opera yakhe enkulu "Mermaid".

Indawo yaseshashalazini

Indawo yaseshashalazini yaseRussia yavula umcabango, ngokushiya ukushiya imihlangano yemikhosi ngesitayela se-classicism. Manje kwakukhona ama-motifs angenalo uthando, inhlekelele yale midlalo.

Omunye wabameli abadume kakhulu emphakathini wezemidlalo kwakuyi-PS. UMololov, owadlala indima kaHamlet noFerdinand (Shakespeare).

Uguquko lobuciko bokusebenza baseRussia UShekpkin wayengumdabu wezinceku. Wanikeza imibono emisha ngokuphelele, ngenxa yokuthi izikhundla zakhe zazithandwa kanjani, kanti iNew Moscow Theatre yaba indawo ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwababukeli.

Isitayela esiyiqiniso enkundleni yaseshashalazini yenziwa ngemisebenzi ye-A.S. I-Pushkin, i-A.S. Griboyedov.

Izincwadi

Izinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu zenhlalo zibonisa isiko laseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19. Izincwadi zaqinisa ubunikazi bezwe, ngokubhekisela esikhathini esidlule sezwe. Isibonelo salokhu ngumsebenzi wokudala we-NM. I-Karamzin.

Ukuthandana kwamagama kulezi zincwadi kwakumelelwe yizibalo ezivelele njenge-VA. UZhukovsky, A.I. Odoevsky, ekuqaleni kuka-AS I-Pushkin. Isikhathi esiphezulu somsebenzi kaPushkin siwubuqiniso. "UBoris Godunov", "Indodakazi kaKaputeni", "I-Bronze Horseman" ibhalwe kule ndlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, M.Yu. ULermontov wadala "Hero of Our Time", okuyinto isibonelo esivelele sezincwadi zobuqiniso.

Ukubukeka okubalulekile kwaba isisekelo se-N.V. I-Gogol ("I-Overcoat", "I-Inspector General").

Phakathi kwalabo abameleli bezincwadi ezithonya ukuthuthukiswa kwayo, omunye angabiza nge-A.N. Ostrovsky ngemidlalo yakhe engavamile, I.S. U-Turgenev, owakhathalela isihloko sensiza yesimo kanye nemvelo, kanye no-D.V. Grigorovich.

Izincwadi zenze iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni amasiko eRussia. Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-19 yabonakala ngokuvela kolimi lwesimanje lendabuko esikhundleni salolulimi olunzima nolwazibalazayo lwekhulu le-18. Ukuklama kwababhali kanye nezimbongi zale nkathi kwaba yinto ephawulekayo futhi kwathonya ukuqhutshwa okuqhubekayo kweRussia kuphela, kodwa futhi nesiko lomhlaba.

Ukwamukela nokuvuselela imisebenzi yemiphakathi yaseRussia neyaseYurophu, isiko laseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 yakha isisekelo esiqinile sokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuciko esikhathini esizayo.