Isikhulu sikahulumeni IsiZulu Tomas Kromvel: Biography

Tomas Kromvel - Isikhulu sikahulumeni Tudor, inkanyezi okunjengalokho kuqala inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle eBrithani ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha. Emashumini eminyaka wokubusa kwakhe uqobo LaseSheshi bagqugquzela siqhingi kwelinye lamazwe ezinethonya kunazo European. Ngokungafani umeluleki wakhe nomngani, Cardinal Wolsey, wayengeyona royalist noma umpristi. Tomas Kromvel isazimthetho, futhi kuzo zonke nakangaka yabo yabonisa nizithibe futhi okunengqondo.

Esakhula

It is ukuthi 1485 kwelinye ezingabazekayo iningi izindawo London ozalwa Tomas Kromvel ezaziwayo. Biography of lesi sibalo iqala ngo Putney, lapho ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nanhlanu, uya zonke ukugqwala yenhloko-dolobha yaseBrithani. Uyise wayengumGreki elikulesi futhi umgcini wendlu yezihambi, kwahluka ulaka ulaka, futhi engakwenqeni ukukhwabanisa encane. Akumangalisi ukuthi maduze Tomas Kromvel ushiye umndeni futhi waqala ukuphila ukuphila egcwele uhambo kanye eNgilandi kulelivekati. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kwadlula isikhathi esithile wakhonza njengombonisi condottiere French e-Italy, owayevelele emikhankasweni eziningana ezempi. Kodwa ukuphila le yesosha akakuthandanga yakhe. Asuka ebuthweni Cromwell waqasha isisebenzi elula endlini yasebhange Frescobaldi. Ngenxa Wit yemvelo futhi ulwazi lwezilimi, waba naye ngemizwa ka the umnikazi. Kancane kancane, Cromwell omethembayo yi scrupulous iningi kuthengiselana - ngokwesibonelo, ubuhlobo bonke yasebhange nesimiso sokuqondisa Vatican badabula ezandleni zakhe. Ngemva kwesikhashana Cromwell usesikhundleni ezifanayo ku Antwerp, bese - ku endleni, okuyinto ngalezo zinsuku ingeyamakhosi umqhele British. Ndawonye capital kokuqala, i-Cromwell wanquma ukuba baphindele eNgilandi. Iqala ngekhulu le-16, futhi ngayo - esigabeni esilandelayo zokuphila kwakhe.

Life eNgilandi

Ngemva kokuwela English Channel, Cromwell bazinza London. Ekuqaleni wayengumuntu kancane ukuthengisa uvolo nezicubu ahlukahlukene. Esekwazi esiphethweni sokuthi ukuphila womthengisi hhayi ngendlela ethandwa nguye, Tomas Kromvel wafundiswa futhi waba ummeli. intelligence yemvelo lekufundzisa wenza ngokushesha kuye omunye abameli yimpumelelo kakhulu e-London.

Maphakathi nawo-20 nekhulu le-16, ahlangana ne Cardinal Thomas Wolsey - omunye walabo abantu esetshenziswa ukwenza ezombusazwe embusweni. T. Cromwell wathatha uNobhala Cardinal. Bona ayefana ncamashi kanye ukubukeka, nokuzifunela udumo. Njengoba isikhathi lubonise Ukufana kanye nezifiso izinhlamvu inendima ekhethekile - bobabili udumo futhi smart, kokubili wafuna ngehlise creaking ubushiqela ephakathi isikhathi eside babe ngabeluleki eseduze oluyingozi yamaNgisi uHenry VIII.

umshado

Ngokusho besikhathi, Cromwell kwahluka frivolity futhi waphula izinhliziyo eziningi zesifazane. Kodwa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi sishadile kanye kuphela. Lapho eseneminyaka esebenza ebhange, washada Elizabeth Uaykis, ubani waba nezingane ezintathu. Indodakazi ka-Anna noGrace wafa esemncane, futhi indodana yakhe wayeneminyaka omunye umculo esigodlweni sayo. Wasekela Tomas Kromvel nomshana wakhe Richard. Ngenxa yalokho, kuzoba ukhokho odumile u-Oliver Cromwell. Ngakho, Tomas Kromvel no-Oliver Kromvel - do izihlobo nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ngezikhathi ezehlukene, zishintshile umlando izwe lokuzalwa kwakhe.

Kusukela ngeNkathi Yezinguquko

Kubalulekile ukuqonda imvelo lapho Cromwell waqala inkonzo yakhe yasobala. ENgilandi uHenry VIII kwaba ezweni intsha, abaningi babo ababengebona ngisho engamashumi amabili. isiko English umphakathi isikhathi bagcwala umoya wobusha. Ukuzingela, tournaments, Duels nempi ekhazimulayo - lawa izifundo main Tudor kwentsha. Futhi uHenry yena ngenkathi ngisemncane. Kwayanelisa ukushiya ukujoyina intsha segolide, kusale njalo umkakhe zenzisa Catherine, owayeneminyaka umKatolika ozinikele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inkosi wahlangana (noma abangane bakhe) ne abasha Anne Boleyn, ohlukanisa ukunambitheka namaphunga izintandokazi ekuhlaleni kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi. Lokhu ukuphila gay edingekayo ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinkulu zezimali.

amahlumela EsengamaProthestani

Ngalesi sikhathi, endaweni eJalimane umfundisi osemusha ezikude Luther King waqala impi yakhe ngokumelene lopapa. Asinakusho ukuthi ukuba nombono ongafani ngeke benkolo umshumayeli elikude waba nethonya juqu enkosini, incwadi nkosi owaziwayo okungakho walahla kakhulu mkhuba omusha. Kodwa uHenry VIII ngokushesha baqaphela ohlangothini elikhangayo lokuhlubuka entsha, futhi wabona kuzo ithuba baxazulule izinkinga zabo eziphuthuma kakhulu:

• baphule somshado Katerinoy Aragonskoy;
• ukuqondisa kabusha ukugeleza imali ephuma ekhukhwini abapristi bamaKatolika esivuna yomcebo yasebukhosini;
• ukukhansela ithonya lopapa embusweni wayo siqu.

Ukunqaba uPapa Clement ukuchitha umshado inkosikazi kukaHenry VIII iyaphoqeleka ukuba izinyathelo juqu, umphumela owawungumnyaka IsiZulu beziNguquko. Inkosi waphula somshado indlovukazi washada indlovukazi yakhe Anne Boleyn ungenakunqotshwa. Ngakho ubungcwele, ukungabi naphutha lopapa embusweni IsiZulu ilimala zazamazama. Ukuphendula kwakuzondeka liphinyiselwe iVatican, uHenry wathi inhloko yeSonto LaseSheshi. Wayala inkolo izigodi lezindela, bangazihluphi ezindaweni eziningi esiqhingini lishicilelwe. Yiqiniso, kwakukhona abasekeli abaningi iSonto LamaKatolika akazange aqaphele isehlukaniso weNkosi futhi walahlekelwa amakhanda abo ngenxa yezinkolelo zabo. Angizange uyidlule le ukhanda, noTomase Wolsey. Wayelethwa abaphundlwe isihloko sakhe weNkosi Shansela noMphathi kamuva wabulawa.

Kodwa inhlangano Yezinguquko kancane kancane yokuthola amandla ayo. Abasekeli YobuKatolika baye bafuna ukubuyisela usithonye emphakathini ngesiNgisi. Kodwa kuqala inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni okwenzeka, nesiNgisi EsengamaProthestani Kancane kancane wawuvula embusweni.

kuyanda meteoric

isifiso Cromwell igunya kwaba ezehlukile, kanye nesikhathi kwaqondana isikhashana, lapho uHenry kwakudingeka isikhonzi abaqotho futhi onethonya. Cromwell ukungena kwahulumeni sihlehlela emuva 1530, kusukela manje kuqhubeke, umsebenzi wakhe kwenza ukwanda meteoric.

Namathathu banesifo esibi sokukhohlwa ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha kwakuyinkathi yezinguquko ezinkulu kanye nezinguquko eziphathelene ukubhujiswa indlela endala IsiZulu zokuphila. Cromwell athatha izintambo njengoba umsekeli Anne Boleyn. Wolsey ayikwazanga ukuguqula isinqumo sakhe futhi enqabe khona ukuqaphela umfazi omusha kukaHenry VIII, Queen of England. Ngakho-ke, yena waba basuswa ezihlalweni zabo futhi zithathelwe indawo protégé sakhe. Oqokiwe Cromwell waba ngomunye wabangu-yimpumelelo kakhulu inqubomgomo izisebenzi umqhele English.

izimpumelelo Cromwell

Phakathi kwemisebenzi ebalulekile kakhulu sezombangazwe kwakuyilawa:

• Kokuphela zezindela kanye nokusungulwa kwe-Royal alawula zonke ezindabeni zezwe nabezenkolo. Cromwell beshushiswa nabapristi bamaKatolika abasekeli YobuKatolika, waqeda zezindela, nge izindela yokuxosha umhlaba ukudlulisa okwalandela Crown. Ukuze umgomo wakhe ongagunci Cromwell wathola isidlaliso esithi Hammer izindela.
• Ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlonishwa kwemibhalo yalezi imithetho emisha ezweni, izwe ukuguqulwa futhi inkolo, lula intela yabo kanye Leasing.
• Ukunwetshwa bobukhosi amandla ithonya eNorth of England, Wales nase-Ireland. Lezi zenzo kwabathukuthelisa enkulu izinduna kanye yabangela izinxushunxushu ukuthi zabulawa ngesihluku ukuyiveza.
• Ukusetshenziswa yokunyathelisa kushicilelwa nezinqumo izincwadi kwezwe nokwenkolo. Lokho udumo kungokwalabo izincwadi uThomas Cromwell seBhayibheli esasizoqhutshwa ngesiNgisi. Lo mcimbi senzeka ngo-1539.

yizikhonzi ezingokoqobo

Njengoba inkantolo ubuhlakani kubalwa, Cromwell ngesikhathi ukuqaphela umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama kancane ukuziphatha inkosi futhi ngokuvamile zenzeka izinkolelo zakhe kolunye uhlangothi. Ngokwesibonelo, maqondana umsekeli walo abazinikele kakhulu Anny Boleyn, wabonakala kuqala. Kodwa njengoba ukupholisa imizwa nkosi Cromwell indlela abheka maqondana Anna. Wagcina wajoyina iningi, eyaqinisekisa yokuthi umbuso Anna, futhi waba ufakazi umsekeli oshisekayo isigwebo Boleyn nomshado omusha ekuhlaleni kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Imiklomelo kanye nezikhundla

Inkosi adunyiswe ukuzinikela Cromwell. Akuvamile iyiphi sezombusazwe wakwazi njalo ntanta futhi alandela inkambo yokungenisa inkosi ezishintshashintshayo kweqa. Bezothamela ukunikezelwa uHenry Cromwell isichotho izihlambi imiklomelo isimo kanye iziphakamiso. Nazi-mlando ezinkulu service yakhe yobukhosi:

• 1531 - Ilungu le-privy Council.
• 1533 - Shansela we Exchequer of England.
• 1534 - UNobhala YeNkosi futhi usihlalo Court of Appeal.
• 1536 - Lord azitshelwa Seal.

• 1537 - Knight we Garter futhi umphathi-University of Wales.
• 1539 - Chamberlain.

Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe Cromwell unikwe isihloko ukubala. Nokho, ukusebenzisa isihloko entsha ye-Earl of Essex wakwazi emavikini ambalwa nje. Hhayi kokuba waphinda beshintsha izinkolelo zabo, Tomas Kromvel kusolakala lokuvukela umbuso wobukhosi. Kuthiwa ngesikhathi kuqhubeka umhlangano we yangasese Council, waboshwa futhi wabulawa ngemva kwecala encane Tower eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni engu-65.