Indaba Impi Ye-1812: izimbangela, izenzakalo ezinkulu, imiphumela

Ethi The War of 1812 kwaba omunye odume kunayo yonke emlandweni. Lokhu kunjalo ezingavamile lapho ingxenye enkulu endaweni isiRashiya kwakuwulimi ngaphansi umsebenzi. Impi nge Napoleon kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile kokungqubuzana European asekuqaleni XIX leminyaka.

izimfanelo impi

Ngo-June 12, ibutho elikhulu of Napoleon ngomfutho umngcele emfuleni Neman bawuthumba umuzi ka Kovno. Nokho, indaba Impi Ye-1812 ayikwazi ukuqala ngaphandle kukhulunywa izakhiwo kulo mkhankaso. Yini eyakwenza amakhulu ezinkulungwane amasosha European bezizwe ezihlukahlukene avele Russia?

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII eFrance kwakukhona revolution, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho egumbuqela kwamakhosi. Isimo iba i-republic, kancane kancane amandla ngo iParis yabe seyaziwa lo abanamakhono futhi ethandwa nomholi wezempi Napoleon Bonaparte. Amazwe amaningi European waphila ngaphansi kwamakhosi ngokuphelele. ababusi okulondoloza (kuhlanganise Russian Umbusikazi uCatherine II) babe ingajabule izenzakalo wamavukelambuso ku enkabeni yaleli zwekazi.

Ngakho-ke, amakhosi ohlanga iminyaka eminingi kwakhiwa mfelandawonye wokulwa France. Zonke le mikhankaso iye yahluleka. Napoleon wayengomunye walaba ojenene abaye bavikela ezweni labo ngokumelene abahlaseli. Njengoba liqala ukubusa, futhi ngo-1804 waba futhi imithetho yombusi. Yaqala inqubo reverse. Manje amabutho French ethumba emazweni angomakhelwane ukuthi basuke noma matasa noma wathola abaqotho kuhulumeni eParis. Akukhona zempi enjalo e 1812. Kafushane, uNapoleon kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso kwezimo ezihluke kakhulu zempi, lapho yahlwithwa kwimithombo futhi fresh amabutho izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ezweni lakubo.

Zezombusazwe u-Alexander I

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, esihlalweni sobukhosi Russian kwakuhlezi Alexander I. Wabhekisa amabombo coalitions izincwadi eziningana ezimelene Napoleon. Ngemva kokunqotshwa at Austerlitz 1805 nezinye ukwehluleka eziningana kombusi Russian kwadingeka ukuphothula isivumelwano ku imigomo uzakwabo French. Ukuthula Tilsit e 1807 ngesikhathi kuxazululwe impikiswano phakathi izimbangi. Nokho, uNapoleon nabalangazelelekayo ukubusa yokugcina Izwe Elidala. Ngakho wanquma ukubheka nje ukushaya Aleksandru, nabo behlasela izwe lakhe. Khona-ke kwaqala Amalungiselelo ayehlasela Russia.

Lapho Napoleon awela ngisho Niemen, zibuswe yakhe kwaba amasosha angaphezu kuka-500 eziyinkulungwane. Likhulu, "tangle" kanye nezizwe ahlukene aseYurophu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ke wahlulwa Austria futhi Prussia, naye wajoyina ezinye amaviyo alo impi kaNapoleon. Ngokusemthethweni kumiswa amabutho ezempi abizwa ngokuthi Army Omkhulu. Izimbangela Impi Ye-1812 walala iqiniso lokuthi kuyinto engemukelekile French eYurophu kungase kungabi okuphakade. Napoleon kwadingeka ukuba inselelo umakhelwane omusha ngamunye. Ngo 1812, leli lizwe kwaba Russia.

Uma eRussia lezwakala lizwe ngokusemthethweni hlangothi, United Kingdom namanje in a state of ezingqubuzana France. Napoleon wafuna ukubhubhisa umnotho laseBrithani okuzobe kudlalelwa nokuvinjelwa ezwekazini. Russia bekulokhu kubalulekile ukuhweba umlingani for UK, ngakho Napoleon wanxusa u-Alexander ukulondoloza ukuvimbela kwayo ukusayinwa Ukuthula Tilsit. Nokho, Petersburg wayengafuni ukuya lezi zinyathelo okungekuhle futhi wazama zonke izindlela ukugwema isivumelwano. Lawa kwakungamadodana izimbangela Impi Ye-1812. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa ekuqaleni okukhuluma ngokuhlasela okukhulu phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili kukhona ukuphikisana amaningi kakhulu. Nge lutho indaba yabo ngeke ibe ephelele ngokuba impi 1812.

Isu sikaNapoleon

Ukukhetha isiqondiso igalelo wakhe oyinhloko, uNapoleon sima eMoscow. Russia kakhulu ukuthi ngokushesha kungene yonke insimu yalo. Ngaphezu eMoscow, kuyaxoxwa izinketho nge kuhlaselwa Kiev and St Petersburg, kodwa zenqatshiwe. ERussia, sibonga intelligence wayesazi ukusebenza olusondelayo Napoleon. Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni wayephuthuma Mikhail Kutuzov ngokushesha ukuqeda impi ne-Turkey, ukuba balungele umkhankaso omusha. I isivumelwano sokuthula yoMbuso WaseTurkey sasayinwa ngenyanga ngaphambi ayehlasela sikaNapoleon. Ngokusho ke, laseRussia lathola Moldova.

Ukuqala Army Omkhulu

Phakathi nezinyanga zokuqala ngemva nje kwempi, uNapoleon wathutha ngokukhululekile eRussia. Wamelana wamabutho eziningana ezincane. Kusukela ngamunye wabo ababengase basuswe ngazo esikhundleni kalula, u-Alexander wanxusa ojenene babumbane, ukunikeza isitha impi ewujuqu. Indawo yomhlangano kwaba Smolensk. Indaba Impi Ye-1812 sikhombisa isibonelo esiphelele sendlela disparate amabutho Russian kuye kwahlanganiswa ngempumelelo ukuqhubekisela phambili ukulwa nesitha. Agasti 6 baqala impi ngoba Smolensk, kodwa ngosuku olulandelayo, Barclay de Tolly isinqumo sokuba siphumele eMoscow.

Amabutho amabili abo baya empumalanga kuze ekugcineni bangqubuzana ku emkhakheni Borodino. Empini ye-August 26 nhlangothi zombili kwabulawa inani amasosha acishe abe yizinkulungwane 80. Ayikho inhlangano ayizange anqoba juqu. Ngemva kwempi ekomkhulu Russian watimisela kuya eMoscow. Napoleon engena edolobheni elingenalutho. Wahlala khona isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga. Ngalesi sikhathi siye baba kaningi kuphangwa. Indaba Impi Ye-1812 ngeke akwenze ngaphandle kokukhuluma emoyeni ophansi phakathi kwamasosha isiFulentshi, ababekwa cishe ikhiyiwe edolobheni engingalazi iyophangwa. Napoleon wasala ngaphandle imithombo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula abandayo, lapho French ayeyizidalwa ayikalungi. Ukuthatha eMoscow akakunikanga Napoleon nanzuzo zamasu. Wanquma ukuya eningizimu ebusika efulethini efudumele.

I baleka we-French

Nokho, icebo lakhe kuhlulekile. Ngo-October 12, amaFulentshi bahlulwa at Maloyaroslavets, ngemva kwalokho kwanqunywa ukuba siphumele entshonalanga. Kulesi sigaba, ibutho Russian 1812 ukwenza ekhonsathini ne abashokobezi, ababekwa ukuhlukumeza-French. Napoleon kwadingeka sokuba siphumele endaweni izifundazwe, yena zonakale ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambili. indlala nempi yakhe.

Novemba 3 eduze nedolobhana Red-French bahlulwa ibutho Kutuzov futhi Miloradovich. Ngemva kwalokho waqala a Eksodusi mass. Kuphela kanjalo Impi Ye-1812. Kafushane, uNapoleon miscalculated amandla abo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wachitha isikhathi esibalulekile ngenkathi matasa eMoscow. Disemba 14 amasosha lokugcina Grand Army kwesokunxele Russia.

Inani impi

Imiphumela Impi Ye-1812 itholakala lokuthi ukuthi Napoleon wazama waze wancama uthwebule Russia. Wayefanele ukuya ekhaya lutho. Lokho kwenza kwaba entsha sokusebenzisana anti-isiFulentshi, okuyinto ngonyaka ozayo kuye kwabangela Bonaparte wanqoba ngesikhathi Leipzig. Ngokushesha igunya lakhe kwawa inkundla, futhi wathunyelwa ekudingisweni.