India ekhulwini le-19: ibalazwe, isiko kanye emnothweni wezwe. Yayiyini India ngekhulu le-19?

India ekhulwini le-19, ukuba ikoloni giant of England kancane, madolonzima sokudedela inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi engqubuzanayo Europeanization njengoba impumelelo nezinzuzo impucuko yaseNtshonalanga ezimbi ukuba imile izimpande kulomhlaba, njengoba, ngenhlanhla, futhi cishe wonke amaphutha. AmaNdiya awazange athathe oda amasha, njengoba kakhulu ayithandayo isiko lakhe elikhulu futhi indlela yokuphila evamile.

ukunqoba

AmaNgisi babe ekujaheni - cishe eyikhulu ke wabayisa India ekhulwini le-19, zibancishe ngokuphelele wombuso ukuzimela. Nokho, England neze balahlekelwa njengoba ukunqoba izwe lwenziwe izandla sepoys - amasosha Indian enkonzweni leBritain.

I last lwakhipha Punjab - isimo owenziwa elikhulu Maharaja (Prince) Singh. Nakuba uMaharaj esaphila, kwema ngokuqinile, futhi kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1837, iziphathimandla yehlulekile ukwenza izandla oluqinile olufanayo. State isihlakazeka futhi baba izisulu ezilula kakhulu iBrithani. isilawuli izinduna kude endaweni eyodwa, futhi ukwazi ukuthi India ekhulwini le-19. Map ngokucacile indlela enkulu kwaba nokwehlukaniswa lizwe.

Impendulo kwaba kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni kuvukela, eyathatha iminyaka emibili (1857-1859), bese recouped ngokugcwele AmaNgisi ophucukile - Abantu abangu-ngokoqobo kuminze igazi. Nalapha futhi, kwathatha cishe esikhathini esingangeminyaka eyikhulu sokuzibusa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, India ekhulwini le-19, ngemva nokucindezela kwavukelwa ekhethiwe indlela enokuthula emzabalazweni, okuyinto engakaze ibonwe emlandweni wanamuhla.

Izici ukunqoba

India ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, njenganoma iyiphi enye izwe, futhi ukwazi ukunqoba British. Noma kunjalo, konke esasinakho lokuzivumelanisa nezimo, futhi ekuphileni zezenhlalo nezomnotho a ezweni entsha. Njengoba nje Normans babe ngesiNgisi noma isiManchu - Chinese, zifiki baba ingxenye abantu Indian.

AmaNgisi njengoba abanqobi zazihluke kakhulu ukuba bonke abanhliziyo odlule. Phakathi kwawo ezindaweni yanqoba kwaba emhlabeni wangempela umehluko - njengoba nesiko India ekhulwini le-19 ahlukene kusukela isiko LaseSheshi futhi indlela yokuphila, izinto ozibheka njengezibalulekile, amasiko nemikhuba.

Abomdabu British obala edelelekile, akazange angene umhlaba omusha, futhi akabamukisanga amaNdiya yakhe. Ngisho elula nabalimi kanye nabasebenzi, ukuze kuxazululwe e-India, ziye ubalwe njengenye lesigaba esibusayo aphakeme. Lutho, inzondo kuphela mutual.

AmaNgisi wona entshonalanga ne-capitalism kanye nesimo ifomu control. Esimweni sokuqala - nenkululeko umsebenzi lesibili - ekuphathweni principalities encane izinduna ngaphansi kokulawula ekuphathweni ayo wamakoloni.

ukuphanga koloni

India ngekhulu le-19 kwaba nabantu ngendlela enomusa, kodwa izwe zinothile. Igugu Indian Raja ukugeleza okuqhubekayo wahlamba eNgilandi. Blessing esingalindelekile - lena caloric ukwakheka neyokukhuliswa izinguquko kwezezimboni eNgilandi.

Kokuqala oqondile impango wamakoloni kancane kancane abe esisemthethweni:-East India Company ukuhlubula izwe ukuba izintela isikhumba. India kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo adayiswa nezwe, manje izimpahla Indian eYurophu awuzange, kodwa kusukela British - Indian emashalofini laden. Ngenxa yalokho, lonke yendwangu umkhakha kwaleli zwe namanye kuye ababhubhayo, ababazi esephelelwe umsebenzi.

Umnotho baseNdiya ekhulwini le-19 ukuthi labantu Kwase kusele kancane yokuqothulwa. Izinkulungwane nezinkulungwane amaNdiya abafela kuyo ngenxa yendlala, lokho ku namathathu banesifo esibi ombusi yabika: "amathambo abo bonke Abeluki oluneziqhingi emathafeni India ..." I inhlalakahle England, lalichumile ngekhulu le-19 - ngokuphelele umphumela ngokuphanga abantu yeNdiya.

kokubhikisha kwango ethandwa

Zokucindezeleka kwabo eNdiya wande hhayi kuphela ekuxhashazweni kanye nodlame. unya ngendelelo waseBritish maqondana umphakathi wendawo ngaphesheya okhanyayo lwesintu. Lapho eya ukulungiselela ngoba impatho zobudlova amaHindu namaSulumane ukholo lobuKristu, ukunganeliseki abanqobi kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba.

Manje ubutha bamukela hhayi kuphela Abeluki abampofu, kodwa iningi Izicukuthwane wendawo amakhosi asendulo, okwakubekelwa kakhulu abanobandlululo amalungelo uhulumeni futhi yabekwa kuphangwa ngokweqile. Sepoys - ibutho Indian enkonzweni waseBritish - futhi badlubulunda ngo May 1857 ukubulawa izikhulu zaseBrithani wathumba Delhi.

Yaqala kanjalo-ke lokho kuvukela adumile kwase kugcwele yonke indawo yonke kanye neNyakatho ingxenye olubanzi Central India. NgesiNgisi ngemva kweminyaka emibili nje kamuva kwakubucayi ukubeka phansi kulokhu kuvukela. Amakhosi asendulo India wayengakwazi ongazihlwitha ukunqoba kusukela kosozimali England. Thulisa lizwe wesabeka: isibalo esikhulu sabantu bahlushwa futhi badutshulwa. izihlahla Roadside Kuyo yonke indawo kwakugcwele esigodweni. Villages ashiswa, kanye nabo bonke abakhileyo kulo. Ngemva kwalezi nezinhlekelele, ubudlelwane phakathi kweNdiya England cishe zimbi Licwathile.

ukuthuthukiswa komnotho

India engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye babe England izimakethe imithombo eluhlaza izinto emakethe. izimpahla Iphele ethengwe India kwakho lincane kakhulu kangangokuthi lowo they cha are Kuhle kokusho, bonke babe okunethezeka ezingaphezu kuka isidingo. Kodwa akhishelwe khona ngokugcwele: ukolweni, ilayisi, ukotini, Jute, itiye, indigo. Ingabe amazwe njengoba: ifenisha, imikhiqizo eyenziwe usilika, uboya lesikhumba, uwoyela ongahluziwe ingilazi, olufana futhi kusadingeka isikhathi eside, uhlu olude.

Impumelelo enkulu yokuqothulwa kwehlathi lase-British eNdiya - ukungeniswa nokulingana. Ukubolekwa kwemali kunikezwe ngaphansi isithakazelo draconian. Ngakho-ke liye ngokwezimali imizamo ekunqotshweni emazweni angomakhelwane, ezifana Afghanistan. Kuyazuzisa lezi ukubolekisa, yebo, abampofu futhi belamba abalimi Indian.

capitalists British atshalwe ukucutshungulwa bendawo izinto zokusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni ojantshi, imboni Jute kule itiye emasimini, ikhofi, umoba, iraba.

Nokho, ezolimo ngaba buthakathaka kangangokuba yezwe bengayitholanga ngisho ngisidle. Indlala nezifo recurred cishe ngonyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, kusukela 1851 kuya 1900 unkulunkulu indlala, lapho befa yonke indawo baloba izikhathi 24. Abasola ngalokhu kuphela saseBrithani, kulendawo futhi zababolekisa ngemali - "Trika ezingcolile" njengoba azibiza kanjalo abantu.

Indian Revival

izimpi Endless futhi bemisa amakoloni eyacishe isiko enkulu Indian: weza izakhiwo ukwehla, futhi imidwebo, zonke yobuciko neyezandla zonke. Mangisho ukuthi isiNgisi ngokuphelele ayamukelekanga futhi abaqondi ukubaluleka emasikweni amaNdiya, ngakho-ke, engakathenjiswa umshado yandisa amakhono level yayo. Ngu ukunakekelwa yeBritish India (1947), cishe ayisishiyagalolunye abangaba amaphesenti angu-ukufunda ngaso sonke.

Nokho, esikweni lesizwe, njengoba ingoma "Musa singabongi, hhayi ukubulala." Okunjalo kwakuyisici India ekhulwini le-19. Coming mbeni Western, isiko lamaNdiya waqala kwammangaza ngokujulile. ikakhulukazi Lokhu singafaneleki inkolo.

uthisha omkhulu

Uyise ENdiya yanamuhla, njengoba ukubiza abantu bakubo, Ram Mohan Roy, wezinguquko abavelele isibalo somphakathi, isiqalo Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, wayeyindodana a Brahmin. Lokhu kusho ukuthi wayechitha konke ukuphila kwakhe "uma ezulwini" - ngokuthula, injabulo. Kodwa kuzo zonke izingxoxo amnandi nonkulunkulu wehla emhlabeni - ukuze ukuhlwanyela imbewu ulwazi futhi unakekele amagciwane imizwa, emazwini URABINDRANATH TAGORE.