Kuyini ulele? Ulele ngokwemvelo. ifomu ulele

Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, uzofunda ukuthi siqukethe ulele, okuyizinto izinhlobo lezi zitshalo, kanye indima abayidlalayo ngokwemvelo futhi umsebenzi womuntu kwezomnotho. We uzokutshela mayelana nokuthi bakuphatha kanjani ungamunca umswakama, ukuchaza umzimba wabo.

Lapho kukhona ulele?

Ulele ingashintshwa ukuze ukuphila ngisho izimo ezinzima kunazo, avame fixed lapho nezinye izinto eziphilayo kuyisiphazamiso ngeke kube khona. Aya Inyakatho neningizimu ngakolunye izitshalo. Ngo zaseHimalaya, kwafumaniseka ukuthi babe yizinkulungwane emachibini ngenhla 5600 m.

Ulele, izibonelo eziningi okungase cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo, kungakhathaliseki akhanzingiweyo idwala ehlane eyomile, ibhungane ukuphumula noma bleached ithambo izilwane ezifile. Omunye uhlobo (Verrucaria serpuloides) uhlala isikhathi eside usungene shí amanzi abanda njengeqhwa abanga-Antarctica kanye nezinye (Lecanora esculenta) eyalo umoya. Futhi nakuba ulele jikelele kakhulu sensitive zonke izinhlobo ezimbonini kukhona, lolu hlobo njengoba Lecanora conizaeoides, batshengise kuchuma ezindaweni kuhle ezingcolile.

ifomu ulele

Ngokuhambisana izici ukukhula azo zonke izinhlobo ezaziwayo zalezi izitshalo (futhi yabo 15 000) zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko. Incazelo emfushane ngamunye.

Foliose vuma ezindaweni nezimvula ezinkulu. Njengoba uke uqagele, basuke ngakho okuthiwa ngenxa yokuthi ngefomu yabo zifane amahlamvu. Olunye lwezinhlobo yabo umelwe esithombeni ngezansi.

Iqembu elilandelayo - crustose (cortical). Ziyakwazi ukumelana nesomiso kanye ke yibona ogwadule. Kala ulele sisondelene substrate, okuyinto ezikhulayo. Caloplaca heppiana, isibonelo, ngokuvamile utholakala ku izindonga gravestones. Lokhu futhi eziningi ukufana naye nezitshalo zisithakazelise ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo substrate izinkomba ubudala. Ulele yaleli qembu zivame egqamile futhi esikhunjeni kuyinto amakhowe.

Ekugcineni, lwentshebe bakwazi ukuthatha umswakama kusukela emoyeni futhi ngokuyinhloko ezindaweni kunomswakama. Usayizi nokubukeka izitshalo kufanele sibe nesithakazelo wehlukile kakhulu. Ezinye zazo yakha ubude ntambo ka 2.75 m noma ngaphezulu, kuyilapho amanye ayisekho esingangokhanjana.

Kuyini ulele?

La magciwane akhiwa izitshalo okuqondene zindawo ezimbili ezahlukene: kusuka ulwelwe ukhunta. Ngitshele kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyiphi ku ulele. Ingenye yezinkundla izibonelo ngempumelelo kakhulu mutualism. Le nkulumo ibhekisela ngokubambisana enenzuzo engabangelwa wawuyomiswa phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezimbili ezingafani.

ingxenye algal - esibalulekile kulokho ulele. Lokhu ngokuvamile noma oluhlaza noma ulwelwe oluluhlaza. Mushroom ingxenye - ummeleli marsupial isikhunta noma ascomycetes. Ezimweni ezingavamile, ukuze ulele kuphela lezo zitshalo okuyinto aqukethe olulodwa lwento ephilayo ye ukhunta, futhi uhlobo ulwelwe. Wale mithandazo, avame lichaza ekwakheni lezi zitshalo (ngaphezu kuka-50% of the izinhlobo) kuhlanganisa owumphumela oluhlaza alga Trebouxia, kodwa kungase kube nabanye.

Ngakho, ukuze ulele kukhona eziphilayo ehlanganisa ukhunta kanye ulwelwe, okuyinto zitholakala kuhlalisana letihlomulisa. Nasi esinye isibonelo. Xanthoria parietina (ngezansi) ngokuvamile itholakala emadwaleni ogwini, kanye izindonga ophahleni lwezindlu. orange emizimbeni wakhe patelliform fruiting (apothecia) ikhipha cishe izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana kusuka emzimbeni fruiting we ukhunta ekhishwe inyumbazane.

Lapho ukusika ulele kungabonwa mncane ungqimba phezulu uvalwe ezihlangene hyphae fungal. amangqamuzana ngamanye ulwelwe oluhlaza kuhlanganisiwe. Ngokuyinhloko ulele kuyinto umzimba isidumbu yakhiwa alengayo ezihlangene hyphae fungal, esemgwaqweni ngezansi omunye mncane hyphae ungqimba ezifanayo kuya phezulu.

Kukhula ulele

Zikhula kancane kakhulu. Izinhlobo eziningi crustose akuvamile sikhule ngobukhulu onyakeni ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-1 mm. Ezinye izinhlobo zokungabi ulele sikhule kancane ngokushesha, kodwa banezela akukho kuka 1 cm ngonyaka. Lokho kusho ukuthi lezi zinhlobo emikhulu yalezi izitshalo esekhulile impela eneminyaka engu; Bakholelwa ukuthi abameleli ezithile kwezinye zezinhlobo Arctic abaneminyaka engama 4000.

Nge okuthiwa lihenometrii, t. E. Ukumeda ulele ngisho ukucacisa yobudala idwala evele. Le ndlela engu izinguzunga zeqhwa megaliths omkhulu (ezinkulu ezinkulu) wamiswa. Lesi sakamuva zitholakale-Easter Island elwandle eliKhulu iPacific.

Ukuguga yalezi izitshalo ebonisa ukuthi banayo inhlangano kahle eliphezulu nokuthi ubuhlobo phakathi ulwelwe ukhunta ziyalinganisela kahle. Kodwa ubunjalo yalesi ubuhlobo bangempela akakabi ecacile.

umzimba

ulwelwe photosynthesis, njengezinye izitshalo eziluhlaza ukunikeza ukudla bobabili abangane bomshado, njengoba ukhunta ayinakho chlorophyll. carbohydrate ezilula kuhlelwe umqondo ngu ulwelwe, ulinde ke futhi amuncwa ukhunta, eziguqulelwa kwezinye carbohydrate. Lokhu umzimba carbohydrate futhi ngesisekelo ubuhlobo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana ezaholela kumiswa ulele. Inguquko izakhi kusuka ulwelwe kuze ukhunta fast kakhulu: kwatholakala ukuthi isikhunta isikhathi ukuguqula ushukela etholakele ulwelwe, imizuzu emithathu kusukela kuqale inqubo ye-photosynthesis.

umswakama ukumuncwa

Ulele, iyavuleka eziningi umswakama, nemikhuba yazo ihluke kakhulu ivolumu. Kuyaphawuleka okwandisa kwawo. Ukwehlukanisa izitho ezinikeza futhi zimunce umswakama, lezi zitshalo akukho. Amagxolo wenza zombili lezi imisebenzi. Kukhona futhi akukho amadivayisi ulele ukuze bazivikele transpiration, okuyinto eyenziwa kahle, isibonelo, izitshalo semithambo. Iningi lethu unesithakazelo eziphilayo umswakama uthola emoyeni, kunokuba enhlabathini. Ziba umhwamuko. ezimbalwa kuphela zezinhlanzi enamathiselwe substrate, unekhono ukuthatha umswakama kuyo.

Ukusetshenziswa ulele

Ulele zahlukahlukene ngokwemvelo isicelo: ukukhonza njengoba izilwane ukudla (isib akhawunti ngoba izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu reindeer Ukudla), kusetshenziswa njengoba material for izinyoni izidleke ahlinzeke indawo sebuningini izinhlobo ezingenamgogodla ezincane ezinjenge ngezikelemu, imikhaza amabhungane, izimvemvane futhi iminenke. Baletha inzuzo ukuze indoda. Ezikhishwe of ulele esetshenziswa kanye ukudaya, zazo bathunga isiketi Scottish. Kulezi etholwe ophuzi, onsundu, obomvu kanye onsomi
ukupenda. imibala Intermediate etholwe counterstained.

Icelandic moss (Cetraria islandica) ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, esetshenziswa njengoba antitussives. Yethula ezinye ulele usnic acid, indoda asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izilonda olukha phezulu kanye nesifo sofuba.

Ucwaningo lwamuva luye lwathola kubo imithi elwa namagciwane ukuthi ziyasebenza ezifweni ezinjenge-pneumonia scarlet fever. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zitshalo asetshenziswa kule mboni. Ngakho, kusukela sp ulele Roccella. Yathela litmus ekhethekile - inkomba ikhemikhali bomvu ngaphansi kwezimo esidi oluhlaza ane-alikhali.