Ukushiswa yokuba imbuka. ISonto kanye namambuka

Kwenzeka isimanga ukuthi izihlubuki, kodwa kunalokho ku isijeziso izihlubuki, kuvame ukukhumbuleka ngokuqondene izinqubo Witching futhi iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki - isici mkhuba Europe: ikakhulukazi e-Italy, Southern eFrance, eSpain nasePortugal. Kodwa kungaba iphutha ukuphetha ngokuthi emazweni kwamandla uPapa, le eyamukelwayo bengazizwa khona bephephile. esivuthayo komphakathi izihlubuki - ifomu evamile isijeziso - wayekwenza eByzantium kanti eRussia.

Umsuka esontweni

Kusukela igama lesiGreki "baqede" kusho "isiqondiso" noma "isikole". Njengoba sekuzoqala ongumKristu, 1-2 eminyaka n-th. e., uhlelo yenkolo eyodwa ayikahlanganiswa athuthukile. Kukhona imiphakathi eminingi, amahlelo, ngalinye elikwazi ngendlela yalo ngokuhunyushwa ezinye izici sokufundisa: zintathu, yesimo sikaKristu uMariya, eschatology, isakhiwo phezulu of the Church. Esikhathini 4th ekhulwini BC. e. Lokhu abuqede uMbusi uConstantine: engasekelwa amandla wokuziphilisa yesonto esemthethweni, kanti namanje ababuthakathaka, ayikwazanga hlanganisa ihlelo. Esontweni, Arian kwathiwa kuqala, bese Nestorianism. Donatists bashushiswa futhi babulawelwa Montanists. Abaholi besonto ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, eqondiswa lezincwadi iTestamente Elisha, wanikeza lesi umqondo ngomqondo ongathandeki. Nokho, ukushiswa izihlubuki esigxotsheni ngesikhathi ongakabi sekuyinsakavukela.

Izimfundiso zezihlubuki ekuqaleni kwenkathi entsha kwakungelona ehlaziya elikhanyayo zezombusazwe noma zezenhlalo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amakholwa waqala ukugxeka ekhona nayiziphathimandla zesonto, iSonto ngokubambisana neNhlangano amandla wokuziphilisa, kwandzisa lwati wabapristi ukuzenzisa kwabo.

I Cathars

Emakhulwini eminyaka th 11-13, imililo yavutha kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ukushiswa yokuba imbuka wethulwa nayiziphathimandla zesonto ngendlela elula ukuqeda ukuphikiswa. yokuhlukanisa zeSonto ziya Western (Catholic) naseMpumalanga (Orthodox) ngekhulu le-11 wanikeza umfutho ukuvela izimfundiso ezintsha. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke izitha ngemibono of the Catholic Church waba Cathars, noma athi 'okuhlanzekile'. Ngokwezinga elikhulu athuthukile uhlelo zabo zenkolo yayisekelwe isekelwe emikhubeni yobuqaba, ikakhulukazi Manichaeism, okuyinto Kusolwa ukuba alingane kwamandla kaNkulunkulu kanye devil. kudivayisi emhlabeni Cathars Akazange ababheke njengezinto ephelele. Bona wagxeka izikhungo zikahulumeni, ukuhaha abefundisi obala ukuthi uPapa inceku the devil. Cathars washumayela austerity, ubuhle, ukukhuthala. Bakha inhlangano yabo esontweni, nokubusa okukhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi igama elithi "catarrh" makuqoqwe abameleli abanye ososayensi izici ezifanayo: i amaWaldensian, le Bogomils, Paulicians. Ngo 1209, uPapa Innocent III wathatha Cathars esikisela sina noMbusi wababusi angomakhelwane kuqedwe izihlubuki futhi uthathe umhlaba wabo ngokwabo.

Le mpi ezimelene nezihlubuki

Abefundisi ayethanda ukubhekana nabantu abaphikisana kabuhlungu ababusi bezwe. Labo avame Akazange engqondweni, ngoba nabo babesaba of esontweni. INkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki - In 1215, Innocent III umzimba olukhethekile inkantolo kobufundisi yasungulwa. Abasebenzi (ikakhulu kusukela Dominican Order - "Izinja weNkosi") kufanele bafune yezihlubuki, ukuze ammangalele ngakubo ukuba batibute ngalokujulile bese baniketa okujezisa.

Icala imbuka ngokuvamile uhambisana sokuhlushwa (art hangman kule nkathi kwaba nomfutho ukuthuthukisa, futhi kwakhiwa i arsenal umxhwele zezinto zomculo sokuhlushwa). Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yaqedwa uphenyo, kwesigwebo sekubulaweni kwakhe kwakunguKayafase lokufeza umuntu wokuziphilisa. Yini sinqumo sethulwe kaningi? Burning ka izihlubuki emcimbini amakhulu wabantu. Kungani uvutha? Ngenxa yokuthi isigwebo kwadingeka ukuba kube yilawo angenza ukuthi iSonto akakwazanga ukubamba nokuchitha igazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ilangabi endowed ukuhlanzwa izakhiwo.

Izimoto

evuthayo namambuka Kwakuyisenzo ukusabisa. Ngakho-ke, ukukhishwa kwaba ukuthi abekhona ngangokunokwenzeka zabantwana wonke amakilasi. Lo mkhosi saphathwa eholidini futhi wabizwa ngokuthi "auto de fe" ( "anokholo"). Ngobusuku obandulela endaweni ehlotshisiwe, eyakhelwe umpheme ukuze izikhulu nezindlu zangasese zomphakathi. izinsimbi zesonto baphuthunyiswe bopha ngendwangu ezimanzi: ngoba kwakuzwakala ingezwakali kakhudlwana futhi 'ukulila'. Ekuseni, umpristi kugujwa inhlama, ezihlubuki ashumayela khona, futhi izingane zesikole wahlabelela amaculo. Ekugcineni, imisho amenyezelwa. Base yamkhiphela ngaphandle. Ukushiswa yokuba imbuka kwaba omunye lesi sijeziso esinzima kakhulu wenziwa kohlaka ezizenzakalelayo. Futhi wayekwenza: ukuphenduka (isib pilgrimage) elidumile egqoke izimpawu zokuphila, flagellation esidlangalaleni, ejele.

Kodwa uma amacala ayebekwe la madoda esingathí sina, isiboshwa kwaba cishe akukho ithuba. Ngenxa yalokho zokuhlukunyezwa "namambuka" ezimweni eziningi, wavuma icala lakhe. Ngemva kwalokho, udavlivali washisa isidumbu iboshelwe okuthunyelwe. Uma Nokho, ngaphambi nje kokuba abulawe, yahlatshwa waqala baphika ukuthi ngasho ngaphambili, ke wayelindele uyaphila evutha, ngezinye izikhathi phezu ukushisa low (salokhu ukhuni ukulungele ngokukhethekile eluhlaza).

Ubani omunye zazilingana yezihlubuki?

Uma othile ayivelanga izihlobo iziboshwa 'ekufeni, lingasuswa esolwa iyathinteka. Ngakho-ke ezizenzakalelayo bebelokhu ethandwa njalo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi esikhundleni umuntu oboshelwe kungaba cishe wonke umuntu, isixuku bahlekisa "namambuka" yithela them ukuthukwa.

Burning ezisengozini hhayi kuphela betembusave yokungakholelwa iSonto izinduna. ekubulaweni kwenqwaba yabantu abesifazane osolwa obuthakathi (kubo kwaba ezikahle sisole ngoba zonke izinhlobo izinhlekelele), ososayensi - ikakhulukazi izazi zezinkanyezi, izazi zefilosofi futhi odokotela (njengokuba ibandla wencike zokungazi abantu wayengenandaba yokwanda ulwazi), abaqambi (ngokuzama ukwenza ngcono ngokuphelele ahlelwe uNkulunkulu emhlabeni), izindela esasibalekile, kubahedeni (ikakhulukazi amaJuda), laba bashumayeli zezinye izinkolo. Eqinisweni, kungenzeka asilahle noma ubani noma yini. Phawula futhi ukuthi laba ibandla athatha impahla ababulawa.

ISonto kanye namambuka eRussia

waqala Izitha ezibaluleke kakhulu leSonto Lobu-Orthodox-Old Amakholwa. Kodwa uqhekeko kwenzeka ekhulwini le-17, futhi kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kulo lonke izwe ngenkuthalo evutha abameleli esontweni ahlukahlukene umqondo ngemibono netenhlalo: Strigolniki, Judaic nabanye. Thina ababulawa futhi ngokutholakala izincwadi zezihlubuki, ukuhlambalaza Church of Christ uMariya, ubuthakathi, kusukela amahlumela sezindela. Ngokuvamile, Muscovy kwahluka kancane kusuka ukuthi of Spain phezu ingxenye ngokweqile "Ezihlubuki" zendawo, ngaphandle ukuthi kusondele babe wehlukile futhi waba ngokucacile kazwelonke, isibonelo, ukushiswa izihlubuki kwenziwa yini esigxotsheni, futhi endlini wokhuni.

Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia kuphela 1971 neyaziwayo amaphutha abo mayelana Amakholwa Old. Kodwa ukuphenduka nezinye "kwezihlubuki," ayizange ukuletha.