Ezolimo zaseKazakhstan: izimboni, izinkinga, ukuthuthukiswa. Ezolimo zase-Southern Kazakhstan

Izolimo zaseKazakhstan zingenye yamagatsha athuthukile kakhulu omnotho wombuso. Esifundeni ngasinye, izimo zivumela ukutshala izitshalo ezithile. Ukugxila ikakhulu kubhalwa imfuyo.

I-Geography nesimo sezulu

Insimu yaseKazakhstan itholakala kokubili e-Central Asia naseMpumalanga Yurophu, ihlanjululwa yiCaspian and Aral Seas. Isimo sezulu sezwekazi sibangela ubusika obuncane obusika obusika kanye nehlobo elimile elishisayo.

Cishe isigamu sensimu yezwe kukhona amahlane nezindawo zasendle. Engxenyeni esentshonalanga kunezintaba zezintaba. Mayelana nemithombo yamanzi, kunesidingo ngenxa yendawo. Imithombo yamanzi aphilisa impilo yimihosha emikhulu emifula emikhulu, kanye nezinqolobane ezinkulu ezingu-13. Ekhuluma ngemifino, kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi izitshalo ezinjalo zezitshalo eziqhamuka njengezinhlanzi, umhlonyane kanye nezihlahla ezingavumelani nesomiso zikhona. Izindwangu ezihlaza ezihlaza ezitholakala eziqongweni. Mayelana namahlathi, athatha ama-5.4% ensimu futhi agxila ikakhulu enyakatho naseningizimu yezwe.

Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu kwezolimo kukhona inhlabathi. Ingxenye ebalulekile ibhalwa ngokukhethekile kwi-chernozems, emathunjini nasenhlabathini ensundu. Izindawo ze-Serozems nezinhlabathi ezimnyama nazo zikhona.

Indlela imboni eyakha ngayo

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo eKazakhstan kufanele kuthathwe njengokuqala kusukela kuma-1950. Ngenxa yenkinga yomnotho, iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zanquma ukwandisa ama-acreage. Khona-ke amazwe asezintombi ayathuthuka ngokuqinile eKazakhstan nakwezinye izifundazwe. Kumele kuqaphele ukuthi kwakudingeka ukuthuthukisa lezo zindawo ezibhekene nomswakama ophansi kanye nomkhuba wokuguguleka komhlabathi.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwamazwe amasha kuholele ekutheni irekhodi livunwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwehla okujulile ezindaweni zasemadlelweni kwakungumphumela omubi. Ukuvimbela ubunzima bokulima, izimfuyo ezikhethekile ezihlangene ziphoqelelwe ukwandisa inani lemfuyo. Inkathi yeSoviet yokuthuthukiswa kwezolimo yaphawulwa nokuguqulwa kweziteshini zamakhamera kanye netrakta.

Ku-60-80s ukuthuthukiswa okunamandla kakhulu kwezolimo kwaqashelwa. Ubunikazi bokubambisana buguqulwe ngokuphelele kube yizwe, okwakwazi ukuqinisa ukulawula ukuhamba kwemali. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi abaningi be-agrarians bakhetha ukuphuma emzaneni. Uhulumeni wanquma ukuheha abachwepheshe bezinye izifundazwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi bezempi eziphuthumayo.

Okwamanje cishe wonke umhlaba wezolimo usezandleni zangasese. Futhi, njengasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-70, inkinga yokuhlinzeka abantu ngenani nemikhiqizo yobisi imnandi kakhulu, ekhombisa isidingo sokuguqulwa.

Izimpawu zomkhakha

Izolimo zaseKazakhstan zibhekene nalezi zici ezilandelayo:

• Ukuklanywa kokuklanywa (okuqondile nokuqondile) kwekhava yenhlabathi;
• Ngaphezu kwengxenye yazo zonke izindawo ezifanele ukucubungula ziwela ezindaweni ezigwadule futhi zasemgwaqeni;
• Umhlaba wezolimo u-85% wabiwe udlelo (lokhu kungamahektha angu-189 million);
• I-Kazakhstan ingenye yezingenisa eziyishumi ezinkulu kakhulu zokhukhamba nofulawa;
• Ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke zezitshalo ezikhulile ku-okusanhlamvu, izithelo kanye namaberry, ama-oilseeds, kanye nekotini;
• E-Kazakhstan, ngokwezifiso kwakhiwe umkhakha wemfuyo, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesikhumba noboya.

Indawo yokulima emnothweni waseKazakhstan

Izolimo zaseKazakhstan zingenye yamagatsha ayisisekelo omnotho wombuso. Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi minyaka yonke kuletha u-38% wemali engenayo kazwelonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, cishe amaphesenti angama-16 emisebenzi kahulumeni asetshenziswe kule ndawo. Lokhu kungenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokukhiqiza nokuzenzekelayo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunezinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-31,000 zezolimo kuleli zwe, kanye namafama angama-32,000 asezimpini.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezolimo zaseKazakhstan ziyingxenye yesibili emhlabeni jikelele ekukhiqizeni izitshalo zokusanhlamvu ezinezinombolo eziyi-967 kilogram ngayinye (izikhundla eziphambili zeCanada, lapho kubalwa i-1,168 kg). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yiyona kuphela i-republic ye-post-Soviet ethumela ngaphandle isinkwa. Noma kunjalo, ukukhiqizwa nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo enjengokukhiqizwa kwemfuyo e-Kazakhstan kuncane kakhulu (ngokuphawulekayo, njengoba kunjalo). Ngokwale nkomba, umbuso uhlanganisa 142nd emhlabeni.

Amagatsha ezolimo eKazakhstan

Umkhakha wezolimo wezwe uyindlela enamandla kunazo zonke ezinikeza kuphela imithombo yangaphakathi kahulumeni, kodwa futhi nesimo sayo emakethe yangaphandle. Izolimo zaseRiphabhulikhi yaseKazakhstan zivame ukumelelwa yizimboni ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• Ukuzaliswa kwemfuyo - kuvela ezindaweni ezinjengokuzaliswa kwezinkomo (inyama nokukhiqizwa kobisi), izimvu, amahhashi, amakamela, izingulube nezimbuzi. Inani elikhulu lalingamapulazi ezinkukhu. I-niche ehlukile, noma encane, iyakhula futhi idoba ezimbonini.
• Ukukhiqiza isivuno yisisekelo sezolimo zaseKazakhstan. Isabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke sithathwa ngotshani wehlobo, okudayiswa hhayi kuphela ezifuywayo, kodwa nasemakethe angaphandle. Futhi kufanele uqaphele ukusabalala kwezitshalo ezifana nelayisi, ukunye okunye okunye okuyizinhlayiya, ibhali, i-oats, i-millet kanye nommbila. Izindawo ezihlwanyelwe kakhulu zanikezwa isithombo sebhitrudi kanye namafutha amafutha (sunflower, rapeseed). Embonini yezindwangu, ukotini nefeksi ziyanda. Okunye okumele kuqaphele kukhona izitshalo ezifana namazambane, ama-apula, amakhabe kanye namagilebhisi.

Ezolimo zase-Southern Kazakhstan

Kumele kuqaphele ukuhlukahluka kwezimo zemvelo nezesimo sezulu e-republic. Ngakho-ke, ezolimo zase-Southern Kazakhstan zisebenza ezimweni zokushisa okuphezulu emoyeni emgqeni we-piedmont. Ngenhlangano enhle yokuchelela okufakelwayo, kungenzeka ukufezekisa amanani aphezulu ekuqoqeni ukotini, ilayisi, isithombo sebhitrudi neshukela. Kumele futhi uqaphele ukuthi lena yindawo enhle kunazo zonke ekuthuthukiseni izinga lokulima kanye ne-viticulture.

Izici zezolimo entshonalanga iKazakhstan

Izolimo zaseWestern Kazakhstan imelelwe ikakhulu ngemfuyo, ngenxa yendawo enkulu yamadlelo kanye namadlelo. Isabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke kubalwa ukuzaliswa kwezimvu, amahhashi namakamela. Uma sikhuluma ngezitshalo, umhlaba ongaphezu kuka-70% wanikezwa ukolweni. Izindawo ezisele zihlala ibhali, i-millet ne-rye.

Ezolimo enyakatho yeKazakhstan

Izolimo eNyakatho Kazakhstan ikhula ngokushesha ngaphansi kwethonya lezimimo zezulu ezihle. Lapha izinkomo ezifuywayo nezinkomo zokubeletha, kanye nokuzalana kwezinyoni. Imbonini esemqoka ukuzaliswa kwezimvu. Amasimu wezolimo ahlala izitshalo zekotini nezitshalo zokusanhlamvu. Futhi, kunezimo ezinhle kakhulu zokutshala imifino, izithelo namakhabe.

Izici zezolimo e-Eastern Kazakhstan

Izolimo eMpumalanga Kazakhstan imelelwe ikakhulukazi kwezolimo ezingelami. Izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zomhlaba zihlala izitshalo ze-sunflower. Emigodini yemifula kunezindawo eziphawulekayo zokukolweni, ama-oats, i-peas, kanye nezitshalo zemifino. Okunye okumele kuqaphele ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kokuzaliswa kwezilwane nezinkomo zobisi. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuphuza i-viticulture yakhiwa. Futhi kunakekelwa okuningi ekuzaliseni izingulube namahhashi. I-West yaseKazakhstan ibonakala ngokulondolozwa kwezinyosi ezithuthukisiwe, imboni ezithwele ubumvu kanye nokufuywa kwezinyosi.

Inqubomgomo kahulumeni emkhakheni wezolimo

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo eKazakhstan kwenziwa ngokusekelwa kweziphathimandla. Umthethonqubo kahulumeni kanye nokuguqulwa kuhloswe ukufeza imibono elandelayo eyisisekelo:

• Ukwandiswa komsebenzi osomabhizinisi wabantu basezindaweni zasemaphandleni, kanye nokukhulisa izinga labo lokuphila kahle;
• Ukuhlinzeka izakhamuzi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ngegesi, igesi, amanzi okuphuza kanye nezinye izinsiza ezibalulekile;
• Ukwakhiwa nokulungiswa okukhulu kwemigwaqo ezindaweni zasemaphandleni;
• Ukuzivuselela kwezinhlelo zocingo zokuxhumana;
• Ukuqiniswa kwezinyathelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ezindaweni zasemakhaya (ukwakhiwa noma ukudluliselwa kwezibhedlela, ukubandakanyeka kochwepheshe abafanele);
• Ukuguqulwa kwemfundo ezikoleni nezinye izikhungo zemfundo;
• Ukuhlinzeka izakhamuzi zasemizaneni ekufinyeleleni kwezinhlelo zamasiko nezemidlalo;
• Ukwandisa izinga lokuphepha emadolobheni ngokukhulisa inani lezikhulu zamaphoyisa, kanye nezingxenye zoMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo;
• Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemvelo ezindaweni zasemaphandleni;
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zezinqubomgomo emkhakheni wokufuduka kwangaphakathi ngenhloso yokunciphisa ukuphuma kwabantu endaweni yezifunda.

Izinkinga zokuthuthukiswa komkhakha

Izinkinga ezilandelayo eziyinhloko zezolimo zaseKazakhstan zingenziwa:

• Ukuthola imali eyanele yokukhokhwa kwentela kwisabelomali, ehambisana nobunzima bokuguquka kusuka epulazini elidala lombuso kuya kumlimi wanamuhla;
• Inombolo enganele yezijovo zezimali embonini;
• Isimo esidabukisayo semboni yobisi (umfanekiso ocacile kakhulu wenkinga ukuthenga ngokuphoqeleka kwemikhiqizo eKyrgyzstan engomakhelwane);
• Isidingo sokwandisa inani lemfuyo ukwandisa ukuthekeliswa kwemikhiqizo yenyama kumazwe angomakhelwane;
• Ukwehluleka kwezindawo zokugcina isitshalo (indawo yeziphakamisi kufanele ikhuliswe okungenani kabili ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwesitshalo);
• Ukufuduka komphakathi kuya emadolobheni ngenxa yentuthuko enganele emadolobhaneni nasemadolobheni (abantu abasebenza emkhakheni wezolimo ngeke babe nemfundo neziqu ezifanele);
• Ukukhula ekuthengisweni kwemikhiqizo yezolimo;
• Isisekelo esingenasese nesisekelo sobuchwepheshe;
• Izinga elingenele lentuthuko yesayensi yasendaweni emkhakheni wezolimo.

Iziphetho

Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okushiwo ngenhla, kungaphetha ngokuthi kukhona ukulimala embonini njengezolimo zaseKazakhstan. Ngamafuphi, isimo singachazwa njengokusetshenziswa okungenangqondo nokuphelele kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nemithombo yabantu, kanye nokuthola imali enganele ngokwamkhakha wezolimo. Isimo sezulu kanye nemithombo yemvelo yaseKazakhstan kunegalelo ekuthuthukiseni imfuyo, kanye nokutshalwa kwezitshalo zokusanhlamvu. Ngenxa yenqubomgomo yentuthuko yamanye amazwe, okwakwenziwa phakathi nenkathi yeSoviet, kunezindawo eziphawulekayo zomhlabathi ovulekile, ohlinzeka ngezikhundla eziseKazakhstan emakethe okusanhlamvu emhlabeni.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukubaluleka okukhethekile kwezolimo umnotho waseKazakhstan. Lo mkhakha ubeka cishe u-40% wemali engenayo kazwelonke kahulumeni. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba kuqhathanisa abantu abangaphansi kwezingu-20% ezomnotho, singakwazi ukukhuluma ngezinga eliphezulu lokukhiqiza. Naphezu kwezinkinga ezikhona ngesibonakaliso sokukhiqiza, leli zwe likwazi ukuthola indawo yesibili emhlabeni phakathi kwabathengisi bezinhlamvu. Lona kuphela i-republic ye-post-Soviet isikhala esinethuba lokuthengisa isinkwa phesheya.

Naphezu kokuthi ezolimo zidlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni waseKazakhstan, kunezinkinga ezithile. Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko ukuguqulwa okungaphelele kwifomu lomlimi wanamuhla, okwenza kube nzima ukulawula ukukhokhelwa kwezintela. Okunye okumele kuqaphele ukuthi inani elingafaneleli lokutshalwa kwemali embonini. Ukulimala okukhulu kukhonjiswe embonini yezinyama kanye nobisi, okuholela ekungeniseni okuphoqelekile kule mikhiqizo ukuhlangabezana nokufuna komthengi. Enye inkinga ebalulekile edinga ukuxazulula masinyane ukungabi nesikhala sokugcina isivuno esivunyiwe.