Eyesine UMengameli waseMelika uJames Madison biography, ukubukwa zezombusazwe

Emlandweni we-US, kwakukhona omongameli abaningi eyaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni izwe phakathi namashumi eminyaka ezayo. Isibonelo esihle - Dzheyms Medison. Uyena owayengumbusi wesine e-United States.

Imininingwane Basic oluchaza

Wazalelwa 1751, washona ngo-1836. umongameli Okwesine isathandwa kakhulu namanje e-United States ngenxa he was fike of abasunguli soMthethosisekelo State. Kukholakala ukuthi ukukhanya wabonakala edolobheni lasePort Conway (Virginia). Kwathi ngo-March 16 1751. Ezemfundo Dzheyms Medison wamukelwe kahle ekuqaleni yangasese (like abaningi ngesikhathi sakhe). Ngo-1769, yena kalula kuziwa Princeton University.

Ngesikhathi lesi sikole sasibizwa ngokuthi eKolishi New Jersey. College iziqu - 1771. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uba yilungu Whig Ingxoxo Club, okuyinto predetermines ikusasa lakhe kwezepolitiki nezinkolelo. Nge umlando wakhe e-United States cishe kusukela ekuqaleni, kusukela Madison kuye kwafeza lukhulu ukudala eyinkimbinkimbi futhi-efakiwe ngokugcwele isakhiwo amandla.

Ukuqala umsebenzi wakhe zezombusazwe

Ngokokuqala ngqá owayezoba umongameli US yabakhanga wabaholi e 1775. Wamiswa usihlalo Revolutionary iKomidi Safety e-Orange County. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Madison waphila aziwayo njengoba umlobi we ezihlukahlukene amapheshana nezikhangiso izinkulumo, lapho ukulahla ngokunamandla uhulumeni waseBrithani.

Akumangazi ukuthi 1776 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile usihlalo Revolutionary iKomidi Virginia. Nguye ulungiselela isinqumo okusalungiswa amalungelo, kanye ukwenza okuningi in ukuphathwa kwabasebenzi inhlangano. By endleleni ekhuluma, Dzheyms Medison kahle kakhulu eyaziwa emibuthanweni isonto njengoba le ndoda wathi ufuna ukungenzela ngokwahlukana ephelele neSonto noMbuso ukulawula kuqala, bese - isimo.

Futhi edala uhulumeni wokuqala Virginia futhi wayeyilungu elivelele lomhlangano wokuqala. Noma kunjalo, ukuba athathe ihlandla lesibili wayengabhekiseli kuqokwa, kodwa 1777 owayezoba umongameli kuyingxenye zoMkhandlu likahulumeni. The enhle kakhudlwana Dzheyms Medison? UHulumeni wentando yeningi ubuso bakhe bathola sibalo zezombusazwe, owenza lukhulu ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo setepolitiki likhona ifomu esikwaziyo namuhla.

yezwekazi Congress

Ngemva nje kweminyaka emithathu akhethwe lo omele Esiyohlala isimo ekhaya yeContinental Congress. Esikhathini kusuka eminyakeni 1780 kuya 1783, eyilungu ekhuthele kakhulu, kuye kwafeza lukhulu wonke kwenhlangano. Kwaba Dzheyms Medison abengumsunguli wako zezichibiyelo eziningi, okwakunginika Congress amandla okuqoqa intela avela kuwo onke amazwe, kanye nokusabalalisa inzalo isikweletu sezwe kubo, ngenani zezakhamuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uJakobe wakhuthaza kakhulu inkululeko egcwele navigation eMfuleni Mississippi.

Okunye impumelelo zezombusazwe

Ngenxa yalezi impumelelo wakhethwa usihlalo we Chamber of amaphini kulo Virginia. Ngo-1786 wathola umthetho ophathelene nenkululeko ngokugcwele inkolo, futhi uphumelele ukuzibusa ngokugcwele neSonto noMbuso. Lesi sakamuva akangezanga Madison abalandeli, kodwa kakhulu buthaka ithonya British esimweni abasha.

Ngawo lowo nyaka uba "ubhongoza" weCongress yoMthethosisekelo e-Philadelphia, saya khona nommeleli esimweni sazo. Kubangelwe umsebenzi Madison sidalwe futhi samukelwa US uMthethosisekelo ngo 1787, njengoba Melika bakhumbula njalo ngonyaka.

imisebenzi ngokomthethosisekelo

Njengoba Madison kwaba umuntu ezolile futhi benokuqiniseka, wakwazi ngokushesha azuze ukuhlonishwa nokwethenjwa amalungu ePhalamende eziningi. Wadlala indima umlamuleli phakathi emthethweni kanye nabasekeli uhulumeni omusha federal, okuyinto engenza izwe namandla. Chamber of amaphini ngazwi linye Kunconywa e Virginia James ephalamende confederal, kodwa ngoba eminyakeni 1787-88 wayesebenza e-New York. Wabhala uchungechunge lwezinsiza-amaphepha, okwenza kube ukudalwa ngamalengiso uMthethosisekelo omusha.

Ngakho, US uMthethosisekelo elisungulwe 1787 ne kokuzibandakanya we indoda ekhaliphile futhi eyingqabavu owayazi ukuthi ukuxoxisana kanye "isibhakela" imibono yakhe ngisho endaweni ukuthi akavumelekile.

nemibono engafani ezindabeni uhlelo lukahulumeni

Zonke lezi zinto, esisayinwe mbumbulu "Publius," yashicilelwa incwadi esihloko sithi "Uhlelo Federalist", eshicilelwe ngaphambi nje kokuba inqubo kokuqiniswa soMthethosisekelo. Namuhla, lolu hlobo njengoba laziwa "Dzheyms Medison, amanothi Federalist." Kuyinto kule umsebenzi Madison ngokokuqala ukuze bahlanganise le postulates ukuthi manje sezibhekwa njengezindawo ukuba isisekelo bunyenti yesimanje.

Futhi, owayezoba umongameli wakhuthaza ifomu republic kahulumeni, bethi amandla anjalo izodala isimo esikhulu futhi dynamically asathuthuka. Singasho ukuthi lo muntu US waqala indaba ukuthi namuhla ofundiswa ezikoleni zaseMelika. Uma kwaba kufika ku Madison, kunalokho, hhayi geqe, futhi emphakathini abavukeli, imisebenzi yakhe ophoqelelwe nibhekane lizwe abasha nabanye abadlali enkundleni ngamazwe (kuhlanganise UK).

Indlela likaMengameli

Ngo-1788, Madison wakhethwa eKomidini ukuze yamukelwe ngu Virginia. Abalandeli bakhe baqonde ukuthi izwe osidinga ngokuphuthumayo umuntu onjalo: Ukuzola futhi aphikelele owayezoba umongameli kwakudingeka ngokurhabako ukuhloma yenza umthethosisekelo. An izinga ebalulekile Madison wayenekhono ukuxoxisana. Wakwazi ukukholisa ngisho the ningi ardent bangi kwesimo yomthethosisekelo ukuthi usezuze ukufakwa idokhumenti eziyishumi-iphuzu, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Bill of Rights.

Kanye Jefferson, akudalile ngowokuqala Republican Party, ukufeza indima yokuba Bloc ukuphikiswa. Jefferson, ngubani ngokushesha eba ngumongameli, ungakhohlwa ngendima Madison. Lapho esabela umhlobo wakhe likaNobhala State, iposi yena wachitha esikhathini kusuka 1801 kuya 1809. Izazi-mlando ningangabazi ngokuthi uJakobe ngalesi sikhathi kube nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni leli zwe, njengoba Jefferson njalo esaxoxisana naye.

Ngakho, Dzheyms Medison bavikela umbono kokudaliweyo ifomu US uhulumeni ngokuthi republic yomthethosisekelo.

Waba umengameli?

Akhethelwe ukuba nguMengameli US ngo 1808. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, ngaphakathi Republican Party owawuse uhlobo "umncintiswano", eklanyelwe ukusiza ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwezindaba ikhandidethi ethembisayo. Okudidayo ukuthi, Madison wayengakaze ayenze inkulumo pre-ukhetho, kanye nokugqugquzela ayo abasekeli be-ANC. Njengoba ezimweni eziningi, uJakobe wakwazi ukuxoxa abanye nezitha igama lakhe, okwenza Umsekeli kamongameli George Clinton eneminyaka engu-60 ubudala.

Lokhu kwakwenziwa kuphela njengendlela intela, ngoba ukuba agcwalise izibopho zawo ngqo umuntu ngokwenyama bahluleka. Kakade 1812, ke esikhundleni Elbridge Gerry, owabonisa yena njengoba iphini likamengameli njengoba uchwepheshe abanekhono.

Okufanela eyinhloko umongameli omusha

Ngo 1808, amaMelika kwadingeka eyodwa isihloko sengxoxo - inkulumo mayelana umonakalo ukuthi kudala ukuvimbela ukuhweba kusukela 1807, ezithathwe yi-United Kingdom futhi iziphuphutheki yayo. Kwehle kakhulu ithumela kwamanye amazwe izimpahla abaningi base ezazishushumbiswa kungani izindleko zabo is kakhulu ziyancipha. Shipowners ziyadingeka ngokuphuthumayo ukuze uqhube ukuthuthwa, kusukela ngenye nekambiso yeenthuthi lucobo abunile ngokuhamba kuphela ngemva kweminyaka embalwa. Dzheyms Medison (izinqubomgomo sangaphakathi kwesamba yayo ezahlukene) kuye kwenza ukunciphisa umonakalo ngokuhlakulela ukuhweba yasekhaya futhi kancane kancane ekufezeni ukuvimbela.

Ngezindlela eziningi, uhlelo uhulumeni sika Madison wencike okuthiwa "zokubusa kwezomnotho". Ikakhulukazi, naye wayekholelwa ukuthi esimweni kungenzeka empini umthethosisekelo akufanele aphazamise umsebenzi esizimele isimo, kodwa zasibekela umbandela wokuthi imisebenzi yabo ungawoni emaphakathi uzalela likahulumeni. emangalisayo kakhulu kwakuyisimo sengqondo Madison kuze amaNdiya, ayivusa besho futhi wathembisa ukunikeza usizo usizo, olufaka isinxephezelo yemali! Ngenxa yaleso sikhathi ngempela kuye kwasusa umgoqo, kodwa ukwamukelwa party iningi, lo mbono ingemukelwa.

Ukugcizelelwa ezolimo kanye ukukhiqizwa yezimboni

Madison Jefferson wabelane ngokugcwele izinkolelo mayelana nenani eliphakeme kwezolimo, kodwa futhi wavuma ukuthi umsebenzi owawuqhubeka wanda kanye nokuqinisa United States Ngeke kube ngaphandle base zezimboni onamandla. Okungukuthi ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza kwezolimo nezimboni libhekene cishe sonke isikhathi sakhe ehhovisi.

Yikuphi kwaholela empini neBrithani?

Isifiso akuyona njalo uya uvumelane nalesi ukuze kuzuze umongameli. Ngakho, ukwakha uhulumeni omusha ngokwezinga elikhulu sasishaywe bakhawulelwa izibopho zakhe ezivumelwano, futhi ngenxa yalokho kulomzimba kakhulu langena abaphathi Okuqukethwe akuzwakali. Ukukhethwa mhlawumbe ukuthi Albert Gallatin, esele isakhiwo endala uhulumeni. UMnyango State wakwazi ukuthola ngisho Robert Smith we Maryland, okuyinto 1811 is adingeka ukufaka esikhundleni James Monroe kulindeleke ukuthi baphothule ukuhluleka, futhi mhlawumbe komqondo.

Nokho Dzheyms Medison (ukubukwa zezombusazwe ukuthi kuhluke latitude) ikhombisile ukuba ngempela lisebenza futhi umbusi juqu. Nguye e 1810 wamemezela obala ukunwetshwa West Florida, okuyinto ngaphambi ingeyamakhosi umqhele Spanish. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ukubhubhisa lezi zihlubuki ashaqe unceremoniously endaweni Spanish wamemezela ukusungulwa republic. Kakade 1811 umongameli wamemezela ukuthi i-United States inesimangalo East Florida. Ekugcineni, wakwazi ukuxoxa abaseSpain ... kodwa hhayi i-British, ngubani ngazo zonke izindlela ukugxambukela le nqubo. Ngenxa yenkani yabo yaqala impi.

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo umongameli kakhulu abaphikisa kwanda. Dzheyms Medison, ngubani ucaphuna lesi usuku ofundiswa ezikoleni zaseMelika, kulesi senzakalo wathi lokhu okulandelayo: "Kuzo zonke izikhungo izitha inkululeko yomphakathi, kufanele kube esaba kakhulu ukukhuluphala impi, ngoba iqukethe igciwane futhi nezimbali bonke abanye." Nokho, kusadingeka ukuba nina nilwe.

Ukugqashuka kwempi

Phakathi no-1812 uthole umlayezo uNgqongqoshe lwaseBrithani Foreign Policy e-United States ukuthi izwe lakhe ngeke unilaterally ukukhansela ukuvimbela ukuhweba. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo efanayo akatholakalanga, futhi uNapoleon, kodwa ngenxa baseMelika wayengase athi impi ukuze imibuso emibili-European. Kodwa ngokuhlakanipha namanje iwine.

Kusukela usongo British weza ngokucace kakhudlwana, futhi empini nezimpi ezimbili, isimo encane babephuma ngokucacile uyalingana. Ekuqaleni kwehlobo, izinhlanzi Dzheyms Medison (kabani biography sesibonile kafushane) uthi ePhalamende, kuyodingeka balwe eBrithani, ... okusongelayo ubunye ukuba khona kwesizwe sakwa-American. Kwabonakala ukuthi ekuthatheni izitsha American, nokubulala yezakhamuzi US kanye, kanye nokugqugquzela ka nezizwe zamaNdiya ezazisele kukhona amacala kuncike emhlabeni wonke ezilahla. Naphezu kwemukelwa sempi isinqumo sanikwa akulula.

Congress session owawuse ekusithekeni, izintatheli izintatheli babengavunyelwe, njengoba udaba okuxoxwe sibucayi kakhulu. Phakathi amalungu ephalamende kanye kahulumeni ayehla nabaphikisi abaningi empini wakhuluma 'yokuntula imali, amasosha professional, izintela impi. " Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ekupheleni June 1812 uMongameli Madison ngokusemthethweni umemezela ekuqaleni impi ngokumelene Great Britain.

a kuthula kuhlulekile

Isimanga siwukuthi ngokushesha eBritish imemezele ukumiswa ukuhweba nokuvinjelwa, ngemva kwalokho uhulumeni wase-US uhlongoza ukwethula kuthula. Madison yena yafuna ngokungenamibandela kuphele impi olwandle, amatilosi ake bevalelekile futhi ukumisa nelokuphanga emadolobheni asogwini. Kodwa ekupheleni 1812, e-United Kingdom, ngazo zonke lezizimo ziyanqatshelwa ke impi yaqhubeka.

uthi Central ayenganelisekile kakhulu nge ekulweni eqhubekayo. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ebusika weKhomishani kabusha ukhetho Madison sidalwe lowo nyaka. Kodwa lokhu kwakungenakwenzeka, nakuba kwamazwe emaphakathi umengameli akanikwanga ivoti elilodwa. Ngo 1814, ngemva kweminyaka emibili empi, isikhundla baseMelika usufinyelele okwengeziwe, njengoba eYurophu, uNapoleon umaluju. AmaNgisi bakwazi ukudlulisa izigaba kudedelwa ke Capitol futhi White House zishe phansi, kanye Madison futhi uhulumeni ngokuxhamazela babaleka.

Nokho, ukuma, ngokushesha wakwazi uyozilungisa, futhi isivumelwano sokuthula esasayinwa ngo 1815. Ngokushesha umongameli lesula, kodwa kuthatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekwakheni izwe abasha. Yini enye Dzheyms Medison laziwe? Ezombusazwe naleso sikhathi zomlando umazi njengomakhelwane isibalo somphakathi, okuyinto waphasisa umthetho phezu khulula lokuzibusa we Negro kanye ilungelo ukubuya kuzo zonke labo abafisa ukwenza Afrika. Lokho sici: kwakukhona amayunithi ezinjalo.