Yini polymerization kwamakhemikhali organic

Polymerization - inqubo ekutholeni komunye uhlobo kokuqala monomers molecule ezinkulu. I polymer okuholela kuyinto macromolecule ukuthi siqukethe inombolo ezanele amayunithi ukuphinda.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu polymerization

Ukuphendula umbuzo ngalokho a-chemistry polymerization, siphawula ukuthi lesi simo senzeka khona kulethe (inqubo namafutha).

Homopolymer - okusezingeni eliphezulu kwakwakhe yamangqamuzana, okuyinto etholakala lapho zizihlanganisa ezifanayo sokuqala monomers.

Heteropolymer - umkhiqizo ukusabela nokuxhumana ezahlukene sokuqala izinto.

Isakhiwo polymer

Njengoba sazi ukuthi polymerization - kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zamakhemikhali inqubo, isisindo yamangqamuzana we polymer ekhiqizwa ungase ube izinga ezahlukene. Zezakhi ephezulu yamangqamuzana iyona "amaqembu ukuphela" wehluke ngokuphinda amayunithi. Lawo maqembu eziqukethwe isakhiwo polymer e esincane, ngakho ungacabangi ubunjalo ukuhlaziya izakhiwo wamakhemikhali nezibulala ezingokomzimba okuholela izidakamizwa polymeric.

polymerization cationic

Uyini cationic polymerization uhlobo? Le nqubo ithatha indawo ngaphansi kwethonya asidi Lewis (ingxube aluminium chloride, boron one-fluoride acid) by indlela okuyinto efana inqubo kwalokho electrophilic kuya double (double) izibopho.

Ngesikhathi sigaba sokuqala, lo kwalokho proton ukuba alkenes, kanjalo zakha isimiso carbocation.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa ukuxhumana ngogesi, kuziwa mbeni enye i-molecule ye-alkene, ngenxa kwakhiwa kokuba neketanga isaba carbocation is.

Ukuphindwa inqubo kwenzeka, kanjalo zakha isimiso carbocation kokuba isisindo yamangqamuzana okusezingeni eliphezulu.

A awokuthi ukwehluleka isikhungo cationic, okungase senziwa ukuhlukana proton engqamuzaneni.

izibonelo

Ake sicabangele umbuzo ukuthi i-chemistry polymerization. Izibonelo le nqubo banikwa esekelwe polymerization isobutylene. Inqubo wabe nge indlela cationic, kusukela electron-donor ukwethula iqembu alkyl.

Ukwakhiwa polyisobutylene uchungechunge kwenzeka, ukuze wawubumba is ekupheleni esiphezulu carbocation esitebeleni. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ehlelekile wadla "ekhanda kuya umsila".

Ekuqhubeni nokuxhumana zamakhemikhali, cishe ngaphandle kobukhona amanzi, kukhona ekwakhekeni polymer kokuba neketanga eside.

Kuyini polymerization we ekilasini ummeleli we hydrocarbon unsaturated? Uma kulethe akhethiwe , kanzulu sulfuric acid, laligujwa ngemva kumiswa ingxube polymerization of dimers ezimbili. Ngemva kuthiwa oxhumene by ezimbili molecule isobutylene, i wesifunda evulekile kwenzeka. Kulesi Lesisemkhatsini eziyinkimbinkimbi (Carbo) lukhipha amanzi ayo-proton ngaphambi engena ukuxhumana nomunye molecule i alkene unsaturated.

I anionic polymerization

Uyini polymerization anionic kohlobo? Le ndlela yokwenza kuhilela polymerization alkene kolunye isibopho amaningi. Polymerization kungenzeka kulokhu kuhlasela i-molecule alkene reagents ezithile nucleophilic.

Ngokwesibonelo, amide-anion ihlangana akrilonitratom isibopho double, okuholela carbanion kwakhiwa ngazo icala negative itholakala phakathi cyanide ne-carbon-athomu. Uma eziyinkimbinkimbi uzinzile etholwe, it is waphawula lokhu okulandelayo ukubusa alkene-molecule.

Zokugwema ukuphuka kungenzeka okhulayo chain reaction okuholela ukuqedwa kokuphela ngecala omubi carbon chain.

Mahhala polymerization olukhulu

Uhlelo ethylene polymerization kungathatha indawo khona peroxides (ngomfutho okhushuliwe kanye lokushisa eliphezulu). Chain ekunqanyulweni ikhuthaza recombination noma disproportionation ezizivelelayo.

I chain hydrocarbon of polyethylene kuyinto ethylene amayunithi eziningana kwesakhiwo. Kuyinto lesi sakhiwo ephawula izakhiwo zenani elikhulu zomuntu eliphezulu yamangqamuzana isisindo compounds neqhaza nokusebenza kwayo ububanzi enkulu ekwakhekeni e isikali zezimboni emaphaketheni ifilimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-polyethylene iyadingeka ukudala izinto by udini, futhi ekusakazeni.

Endabeni khulula zinhlobo okusisekelo polymerization ezikhulayo ekupheleni alkene ongenakulinganisela ke izokwethulwa ngesimo radical esitebeleni, futhi inqubo imelelwa uhlobo "ekhanda kuya umsila".

Esikhathini isobutylene futhi propylene polymerization akuyona khulula indlela olukhulu. Konke polymers ezikhiqizwa embonini zamakhemikhali, asetshenziswa amagatsha ahlukahlukene engineering, ekhemisi kanye imithi. I polymers ezivamile okulungiselelwe kusukela ethylene uchungechunge hydrocarbon unsaturated kukhona polyethylene uqobo, kanye homologue yayo - propylene.