Uyini metal? I izakhiwo kanye nezici metal

Uyini metal? Ubunjalo ketshezi babenesithakazelo ezikhathini zasendulo. Abavule mayelana 96 metal zilwane. ngezindlela zazo, futhi sizobe ukukhuluma esihlokweni.

Uyini metal?

Abantu abaningi izici kuthebula gqwa libhekisela izinsimbi. Manje sibizwa kunendoda 96 yohlobo lwazo kuphela. Ngamunye wabo inezici ayo, eziningi zazo azikaqondakali.

Uyini metal? Lena into elula, okuyinto libhekene okusezingeni eliphezulu conductivity kagesi futhi ezishisayo, omuhle lokushisa conductivity Coefficient. izinsimbi Iningi namandla high, ductility kanye isivuno UKWAKHA. Omunye timphawu letehlukene kuba phambi ayebuthaka metallic.

Okwakushiwo "metal" lihlotshaniswa métallion ngesiGreki, kulapho kusho "ukumba aphume ezweni" futhi "ikhophi okwami". Esikhathini amagama Russian Kwathi phakathi nokubusa uPetru I ulimi German (German. Metall), lapho izwi ukuhambisa kusukela Latin.

izakhiwo

izakhi zensimbi ngokuvamile banesikhathi ductility ezinhle, ngaphandle tin, i-zinc manganese. Ubuningi, bahlukene ningene ekukhanyeni (aluminium, Lithium) futhi elisindayo (osmium, tungsten). Iningi has a high ukuma, uhla Imininingwane kuhluka - 39 e HG ukuba 3410 degrees Celsius ngoba tungsten.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, zonke izinsimbi ngaphandle mercury neFrance, abaqinile. I degree of ubulukhuni kunqunywa ngezinga elingelikhulu on ngezinga Moss, lapho inani eliphezulu lamaphuzu 10 kubhekwa. Ngakho, sekukaningi kukhona tungsten kanye nokwe-uranium (6.0), i-ekhethekile nethambile kuyinto cesium (0.2). izinsimbi abaningi shades silvery, bluish futhi empunga, kodwa abanye imibala eyinqaba phuzi futhi zibe bomvu.

Ngo crystal yabo ngamahele kukhona electron yeselula, okwenza nabo kakhulu ukuziphatha kagesi nokushisa. Kungcono ukubhekana naso wesiliva nethusi. It has conductivity aphansi ezishisayo mercury.

chemical izakhiwo

Ngu izakhiwo amakhemikhali izinsimbi abahlukene ibe sebuningini amaqembu. Phakathi kwabo, isizinda alikhali, ane-alikhali emhlabeni, amaphaphu, futhi actinides actinium, lanthanum futhi lanthanides, semimetals. Eceleni kukhona magnesium beryllium.

Ngokuvamile, izinsimbi ukwenza njenge ekunciphiseni ejenti non-izinsimbi. Sinenkosi imisebenzi ehlukene, ngakho ukusabela ngoba into ezifanayo. I asebenzayo iningi kukhona izinsimbi alikhali, zisabela kalula nge-hydrogen, amanzi.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi uxhumane metal nomoya-mpilo. Indlela Abasabela Ngayo akusiyo kuphela igolide ne-platinum. Futhi musa basabela chlorine ne-sulphur, ngokungafani nezinye izinsimbi. iqembu ane-alikhali is oxidized endaweni abavamile, omunye ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu.

Ukuba nemvelo

Emvelweni, insimbi zitholakala ngokuyinhloko imikhando noma compounds, isib, oxides, nosawoti, carbonates. Ngaphambi ukusetshenziswa, ebhekene eside uhlanzekile izinyathelo. izinsimbi Abaningi ezihambisana enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi. Ngakho, ingxenye cadmium zinc imikhando, scandium ne tantalum ehlangana ithini.

Uma ifomu okumsulwa wathola inert kuphela, okungukuthi, izinsimbi non-asebenzayo. Ngenxa ezifweni ezibuthakathaka namachibi futhi ukugqwala, baye wawina isihloko esihle. Lezi zihlanganisa igolide, i-platinum, isiliva, ruthenium, osmium, palladium, nokunye. D. izinsimbi okuyigugu nezimo futhi ube ayebuthaka isici elikhanyayo umkhiqizo osuphelile.

Izinsimbi yonke indawo. Obuningi, zingabantu uqweqwe eMhlabeni. I ezivamile aluminium, insimbi, i-sodium, magnesium, i-calcium, titanium kanye potassium. Zitholakala emanzini asolwandle (i-sodium, magnesium), bayingxenye eziphilayo. Emzimbeni womuntu, izinsimbi zikhona ithambo (calcium) egazini (yensimbi), isimiso sezinzwa (magnesium), imisipha (magnesium) kanye nezinye izitho.

Ukufunda nokusebenzisa

Siyini isizinda eyaziwa impucuko ngaphezulu lasendulo. Phakathi waseGibhithe imivubukulo eyaqala 3-4 yeminyaka BC, izihloko esenziwe eziyigugu zitholakele. Umuntu wokuqala wathola igolide, ithusi, isiliva, umthofu, insimbi, ithini, mercury. Bakhonza womshini ubucwebe, amathuluzi, izinto isiko nezikhali.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi kwatholakala antimony, i-arsenic, i-bismuth ne-zinc. Avame enamathiselwe izakhiwo imilingo, elihlobene ne isikhala, ukunyakaza amaplanethi. Alchemy olwenziwa ucwaningo eziningi ngethemba ukuguqula mercury emanzini noma igolide. Kancane kancane, inani okutholakele yanda, futhi zonke izinsimbi aziwa okwamanje xxi leminyaka Kwatholakala.

Manje asetshenziswa cishe yonke imikhakha yempilo. Izinsimbi esetshenziswa ukwenza ubucwebe, imishini, imikhumbi, izimoto. Kulawa, ukwenza ozimele ezakhiweni, nempahla yasendlini, izingxenye ezincane ezihlukahlukene.

Excellent conductivity kagesi wenza metal esisemqoka ekwakhekeni izintambo, sibonga kuye, sisebenzisa i kagesi.