Non-okusansimbi - wukuthi ...? izakhiwo okungezona izinsimbi

Non-okusansimbi - kukhona izakhi kakhulu izakhiwo ezahlukene ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali insimbi. Chaza ngokuningiliziwe isizathu ukuthi azifani kanjani bayithanda ayengakwenza kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, ngemuva kokutholakala isakhiwo electronic ye-athomu. Kuyini ekhetheke kangaka mayelana non-izinsimbi? Yiziphi izimfanelo nobuntu suku they? Asivume.

Non-okusansimbi - Iyini?

Indlela division of the izakhi ku izinsimbi kanye non-izinsimbi osekunesikhathi kukhona umphakathi kwesayensi. Iqembu yokuqala kuthebula gqwa ngokuvamile okubhekiselwa isici 94. Nonmetals zihlanganisa Mendeleev isici 22. I uhlelo gqwa hlala ekhoneni eliphezulu kwesokudla.

Ifomu khulula non-izinsimbi - kuyindaba elula, isici esiyinhloko okuyinto engekho isici metallic izakhiwo. Zingaba kunoma iyiphi isimo uquqaba. Ngakho, i-iodine phosphorus, isibabule, carbon atholakala uhlobo ukudla okuqinile. Gaseous isimo nobuntu umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, fluorine futhi t. D. ketshezi kuyinto uxhumano lokudlulisa kuphela.

Emvelweni nonmetals izakhi kungenzeka akhona ifomu lomcebo elula noma ngesimo compounds. Found in ifomu olukhululekile sulphur, i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo. Esikhathini compounds akha borates, phosphate, nokunye. D. Kuleli fomu, zikhona amaminerali, amanzi, amatshe.

Ngokungafani izinsimbi

Non-okusansimbi - kukhona izakhi ukuthi zihluke izinsimbi ukubukeka, isakhiwo kanye nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali. Sinenkosi inqwaba electron ayibhangqiwe ezingeni yangaphandle, ngakho-ke, ziyasebenza ngaphezulu namachibi ukusabela enamathiselwe kalula ukuze electron ezengeziwe ngokwabo.

Isici umehluko siyenzeka phakathi izakhi isakhiwo crystal ngehele. Ngo izinsimbi, kuba metal. Ngo-non-izinsimbi, kungaba ezimbili zama: atomic yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Atomic ngehele izinto odlulisela ubulukhuni futhi kukhulisa izinga lokuncibilika, kuyisici sobuntu Silicon, boron, germanium. ngehele Yamamolekhula ifa chlorine, isibabule, umoya-mpilo. It kubanika simo esishubile kancane kanye ubulukhuni.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi izakhi ukunquma nezici zabo ezingokomzimba. Izinsimbi abe kukhanye isici, a conduction ezinhle wamanje kanye ukushisa. Ziyakwazi okuqinile, plastic, amenable ukuba ekwakheni, ububanzi elincane imibala (omnyama, ompungana, ngezinye izikhathi aphuzi ngombala).

Non-okusansimbi - it is ketshezi, gaseous noma okuqinile izinto, hhayi kokuba ngobuhle kanye malleability. imibala zabo zihlukene kakhulu futhi zingase zibe bomvu, omnyama, ompunga, ophuzi, nokunye. D. Cishe zonke nonmetals kabi conductive (ngaphandle kwe-carbon) kanye ukushisa (ngaphandle phosphorus kanye carbon omnyama).

I izakhiwo amakhemikhali nonmetals

Ngo zamakhemikhali, okungezona izinsimbi kungaba neqhaza njengenhlangano oxidizing namanxusa ukunciphisa. Ngu basabela ezisansimbi, bephatha electron, ngaleyo ndlela bebonisa izakhiwo oxidative.

Ukuhlanganyela nabanye-non-izinsimbi, beziphatha ngendlela ehlukile. Kulezi ukusabela kancane electronegative isici reductant kuzibonakalisa njengoba kuphuma electronegative ngaphezulu oxidant.

Nge-mpilo cishe zonke (ngaphandle sasekhaya) nonmetals azibonakali ekunciphiseni ejenti. Ngendlela esisabela ngayo hydrogen kukhona oxidants eziningi, kamuva ukwakha kwakwakhe oluyingozi.

Ingxenye izakhi nonmetal uyakwazi ukwakha izinto ezilula ezimbalwa noma ukushintshwa. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi allotropism. Ngokwesibonelo, i-carbon likhona ifomu graphite, idayimane, nezinye ukulungiswa carbyne. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili - mpilo-ozone nomoya-mpilo uqobo. Phosphorus zibomvu, abamnyama, abamhlophe kanye metallic.

Non-insimbi nemvelo

Inombolo ezahlukene ze-non-insimbi kukhona kuyo yonke indawo. Bayingxenye ungqimba lomhlaba, bayingxenye emkhathini, hydrosphere, zikhona yonke futhi izinto eziphilayo. Ngo esikhaleni ezivamile hydrogen ne-helium.

Isimo sihluke kakhulu ngaphakathi Earth. Yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezine zobukhulu bomhlaba uqweqwe --mpilo ne-silicon. Akha ezingaphezu kuka-75% isisindo salo. Kodwa lemali okungenani zaba iodine kanye uxhumano lokudlulisa.

Ngo ukwakheka amanzi olwandle kube umoya-mpilo ezidingekayo 85,80% ne-hydrogen - 10,67%. isakhiwo sayo sihlanganisa chloro, isibabule, boron, uxhumano lokudlulisa, carbon, fluorine ne-silicon. Ukwakheka ukuphakama umoya fanele nitrogen (78%) nomoya-mpilo (21%).

Nonmetals, ezifana carbon, i-hydrogen, phosphorus, isibabule, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen kukhona izinto ezibalulekile eziphilayo. Asekela ubungqabavu zonke izidalwa eziphilayo eplanethini yethu, kuhlanganise nabantu.