Uhlu becindezela ngo-1937. izisulu eyaziwayo Esibhicongweni Omkhulu

Isikhathi belusizi kakhulu yokucindezelwa zezombusazwe eSoviet Union zaba e 1937-1938. Emlandweni yayibizwa ngokuthi Terror Omkhulu. izisulu zakhe ayengabantu abazinikele kwezakhi ezahlukene yomphakathi. Ngaphandle izinsalela of nezazi zangaphambi wamavukelambuso abangu ngaphansi ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu party abasebenzi, amasosha nabefundisi. Kodwa uhlu ikakhulukazi becindezela ngo-1937 babe abameleli isigaba sabasebenzi nabantu abantukazana, abaningi kubo abasekhona kuze kube muva nje asikwazanga ukuqonda Amacala ababebekwe wona.

Terror, engakaze ibonwe nobukhulu bayo

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zonke izinqumo ekufezeni izenzo olunegazi esekelwe izinqumo Politburo we CPSU (b), it is wafakazela ukuthi empeleni lezi oda wanika Stalin mathupha. Ngo nobukhulu bayo ukwesaba lezo iminyaka ayinakuqhathaniswa emlandweni wombuso. Uhlu becindezela ngo-1937 kuthinta lingakanani. Lapho ngesikhathi Khrushchev ncibilika abangu ingxenye eshicilelwe idatha izisulu enkulu yaleso sikhathi, kwatholakala ukuthi kuphela amahlanu nesishiyagalombili - isihloko zezombusazwe enikwa isigwebo sokufa 681 692 umuntu.

Uma sifaka kubo Abafayo avelelwe izifo, indlala ngenxa yokusebenza ngokweqile, kule nombolo bayovuka esigidini. Ngokusho idatha ekhona Academician A. D. Saharov, ngokuba 1937-1938 biennium. Waboshwa mayelana 1 200 000 abasebenzi party. Uma ubuka ukuthi 50 kuphela 000 babo atikakwenti ikhishwe, kuyacaca ukuthi esibi igalelo wahlupheka weqembu siqu.

I plenum, okuyinto eyaba ekuqaleni ukwesaba

By endleleni, igama elithi "I Terror Omkhulu" beza kithi kusukela UK. Kwakuthinta osesikhundleni incwadi yakhe ngezenzakalo 1937-1938. isazi-mlando saseBrithani Robert Conquest. Siphinde ikhona igama elihlukile - "Yezhov isikhathi", sivela igama wesahlulelo induna inkathi olunegazi, inhloko yabangamashumi NKVD N. I. ezhova, naye waba isisulu kamuva wadala nge iqhaza lakhe umbuso akunabuntu.

Njengoba kufanele kuphawulwe abacwaningi izenzakalo yaleyo minyaka, ekuqaleni Terror Omkhulu, kufanele kubhekwe okwenzeka ekuqaleni kuka-1937, plenum leKomiti Central we CPSU (b). On it kwakuzwakala inkulumo kukaStalin lapho enxusa ukuqinisa impi yokulwa bayizitha zabantu, ukuba baqinise, ngokuvumelana imfundiso yakhe, imisebenzi wakhe wokuvukela umbuso njengoba siqhubekela phambili umphakathi ekwakhiweni zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni.

I plenum efanayo amacala abekwa okubizwa ngokuthi ukuphikiswa kwesokudla kwesokunxele - inhlangano yezepolitiki, kuhlanganisa kokubili Trotskyists - Radek, G. L. Pyatakova futhi L. B. Kameneva, futhi kwesokudla-wing deviationist - AI Rykov futhi NA Uglanova. Inhloko Ukubuthelela emelene ngempela namaSoviet okwakuthiwa u N. I. Buharin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Bukharin futhi Rykov ukuthi asolwa ngokwakha itulo kokubulawa uStalin.

Zonke amalungu eqembu bagwetshwa isigwebo sokufa. Umniningwane othakazelisayo - bonke abakhuluma 72 owakhuluma kusukela ngisesiteji we plenum, nazo icala loku- futhi abulawe ngokushesha. Kwaba isiqalo libonwe emlandweni namthetho kuleli zwe. Akumangalisi ukuthi lokuqala izisulu zakhe yibona uhlezi eboardroom, uvotela kuye.

I ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu abalimi

Ezinyangeni ezizayo, emva kokufakwa plenum, enikezwa Stalin yazuza ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe. Kakade June, uhulumeni wanquma ukuzinika ku ukusetshenziswa kabanzi isigwebo sokufa ngokumelene nabantu ababe ngaphambili eziqhelelene ongumlimi eyisihlubuki, -. "Green Movement"

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi uhlu isipikili kulaks becindezela nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ngo-1937, okungukuthi, abalimi, ababengakholelwa ufuna ukujoyina amapulazi collective ukufeza siqu zabasebenzi engenayo. Ngakho, isinqumo ukuze ashaye ngayo amagalelo kanye wangaphambili izihlubuki, okwathi ngemva kokudonsa isikhathi, uzama ukuwuthola ekuphileni okuvamile, futhi ingxenye ekhuthele kakhulu abantukazana.

Ukubhujiswa ibutho umyalo isakhiwo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kusukela ezinsukwini kulwiwa, uStalin kwaba nobutha kakhulu emnyangweni wezempi ezaziwayo. Ngezindlela eziningi, isizathu salokhu itholakala lokuthi ukuthi kwaba isitha ngekutsi lwekhanda ibutho - Trotsky. Eminyakeni we Terror Omkhulu lihlobene negama lempi safinyelela kakhulu yayo. Mhlawumbe wesaba umbuso esikhathini esizayo, eyayihlelwe abaholi enamandla kakhulu yamasosha, wakwazi ukuholela wesisindvo amasosha.

Nakuba ngo-1937 Trotsky wawungasasebenzi lizwe, uStalin wathatha abamele umyalo omkhulu bephikisana ezingaba khona. Lokhu kwabangela ukwesaba mass ngokumelene umyalo iRed Army. Engingakusho nje kokukhumbula ukufa kabuhlungu ka omunye izinduna abanamakhono kakhulu - Marshal Tukhachevsky. Ngenxa yalokhu yokucindezelwa kwenziwe encishisiwe ukuzivikela wezwe, okwakubekelwa ngokucace ukubonwa eminyakeni yokuqala yempi.

Terror phakathi NKVD

Hhayi akathunyelwa wave onegazi ukwesaba ngokwabo NKVD. Abaningi abasebenzi bakhe, izolo nazo zonke intshiseko afeze imiyalelo Stalin, babephakathi kweziboshwa futhi amagama abo ohlwini we becindezela ngo-1937. Phakathi nale minyaka, abaholi abaningi ababevelele NKVD badutshulwe. Phakathi kwabo - ngokwayo Yabantu Commissar Yezhov futhi eyandulela wakhe Yagoda, kanye eziningi kwamalungu avelele alelo Yabantu Commissariat.

idatha Ingobo yomlando eziye zitholakale emphakathini

Lapho kuqala ingxenye enkulu kabusha NKVD zomlando abangu declassified, futhi lokhu kwenza ukuba ukusungula isibalo izisulu yokucindezelwa kweqiniso ngo-1937. Ngokusho idatha ethile, kwaba cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-isigamu. Umsebenzi omuhle kwenziwe abasebenzi ingobo yomlando futhi izisebenzi zokuzithandela. Ngaphezu ukushicilelwa idatha jikelele kwezibalo yashicilelwa amagama becindezela ngo-1937 futhi phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yokucindezelwa zezombusazwe.

Ngenxa yalokhu, izihlobo eziningi izisulu zokungabi namthetho kukaStalin kwadingeka ithuba lokufunda mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani kwabathandekayo. Njengomthetho, wonke umuntu ukuba kabusha umlando leyo minyaka futhi zisebenza iziphathimandla zaseSoviet umbuzo lapho ukuthola Izinhlu becindezela ngo-1937, sizama ukuthola ubufakazi obubhalwe ngezenzakalo sikhathi, wathola nokwenqaba categorical. Kuphela ngenxa izinguquko yeningi emphakathini, izindaba laziwa obala.