AD Menshikov - Isikhulu sikahulumeni Russian kanye nomholi wezempi, umhlobo abaseduze futhi intandokazi kaPetru mina: Biography

okuqinisekile kaPetru wanika Russia eziningi amagama egqamile futhi ehlukile. Kusukela kulolu chungechunge ayikwazi wabusa Alexander Menshikov - ngobuqotho futhi umngane umbusi wokuqala. Ngemva kokufa kaPetru, kwabulala indzima lesembili isimo, kodwa ...

izimpande Menshikov

Umsuka Ngokuzayo "poluderzhavnogo umbusi" namanje kubangela impikiswano eshubile phakathi mlando. AD Menshikov wazalwa ngo 1673 eMoscow. Wayengeyena ongowokuzalwa ezinye nomndeni enethonya ahlukile. Njengoba baziwa ebhukwinitifundvo ngendaba Alexander umfana, eyayidayisa amakhekhe emigwaqweni inhlokodolobha. wokuphila Abaningi Menshikov uyixoxe indaba elandelayo. Small baking umdayisi wabanjwa iso Franz Lefort - ezinamandla isimo ophakeme. umfana isibhaliso wayethanda jikelele, futhi wamthatha ngayo enkonzweni yakhe.

Nokho, le nganekwane abantu mayelana "Umthengisi amakhekhe" ngokuvamile phikisa. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwathiwa aphethwe umlobi odumile Alexander Pushkin, owaphawula lesisiqephu kumarekhodi akhe ekulungiseleleni incwadi ngomlando wokubusa uPetru.

Noma kunjalo, umsuka eliphansi Prince esizayo Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi akakwazi ukufunda. Akekho imibhalo ukusebenza kwakungenziwanga ngezandla zakhe. Ngenxa yokwenza izinto A. D. Menshikov Kwadingeka onobhala, ababe njalo naye.

Ajwayelane Peter

Nokho, zokungazi incwadi akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa nsizwa ukuba ibe inkosi yama-eseduze. Aleksandru uPetru wahlangana ngokusebenzisa Lefort. Kakade engu-14 Menshikov baba ehlelekile Romanov, futhi ngokushesha ngingumngane wakhe omkhulu. Wayehlezi eduze uPetru emuva ezinsukwini lapho ayinawo amandla kwangempela, kodwa kuphela wafunda futhi uthokozile emashalofini yabo ezihlekisayo. Isikhulu baba umkhuzi inkampani induna, A. D. Menshikov - scorer.

izinsuku intsha ngokunganaki sezedlule lapho iqembu boyars owaketulwa Alekseevnu UZandile futhi uPetru wamemezela eNgophezukonke-umbusi. Ngegama, naye esihlalweni sobukhosi ungumfowabo yakhe u-Ivan. Kodwa ngenxa yempilo yakhe ethambile ukuthi Romanov babengazange bahlanganyele izindaba zomphakathi, futhi umphumela ukuthi inkantolo kwadingeka Prince Menshikov kwaba enkulu.

Intandokazi inkosi esencane

I wohlanga olukhulu esincane sasikanye ngokuzimisela nomhleli imibono kaPetru. Omunye izinkampani wokuqala kwaqala imikhankaso Azov. Ngo 1695, uPetru wathumela ibutho imingcele oseningizimu isimo, ukuze uthole ukufinyelela ezilwandle ezifudumele. Lapha A. D. Menshikov kwaba sina isipiliyoni lokuqala lezempi, nguye owamsiza esikhathini esizayo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, UPetru Embassy Omkhulu eYurophu. Naye wathatha labangane bakhe abathembekile kakhulu futhi abantu abaningi abasebasha abangavumanga kwadingeka ifunde yezandla entshonalanga.

Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi Menshikov ube umngane esisemqoka yenkosi. Ngesisa bazenza zonke izabelo zakhe futhi njalo athole imiphumela emihle. Kulesi wasizwa ngu intshiseko namandla olusemthethweni agcinwe ngize sesikhulile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Alexander mhlawumbe kwaba kuphela umuntu Ungasenza sizole inkosi. Peter kwahluka ulaka. Akakubekezeleli amaphutha nokwehluleka ababeholwa, wafika ngemva kwabo ethukuthele. Menshikov uyakwazi yokuthola ulimi olulodwa nabo, ngisho nakulezi zikhathi ezinzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe njalo baziswa isimo sengqondo ngabandayo yenkosi, futhi ungalokothi owamkhaphelayo.

Ukubamba iqhaza neMpi Northern

Ngo 1700 kwaqala impi enkulu emphilweni Petra Velikogo futhi Menshikov - North. umbusi Russian wayefuna ukubuyela ezweni ukuze aseBaltic ogwini. Lesi sifiso waba umqondo esinqunyiwe. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo, inkosi (futhi, ngenxa yalokho, eseduze yayo) wachitha ekuhambeni ezingapheli phambili kuya ezingemuva.

WarAvocat ngaphansi Petru 1 wahlangana umkhankaso isikhundla uLieutenant Preobrazhenskii ibutho. impumelelo Okokuqala emukisa him 1702, lapho efika amabutho fresh ukusiza Mikhail Golitsyn eyayimi ngaphansi izindonga Noteburg.

kunqoba kubalulekile

Futhi Menshikov Aleksandr Danilovich wathatha ingxenye ekuvinjezelweni phansi kwendawo ebalulekile engenisa Nienschanz. Wayengomunye Abadali of the Russian Ukunqoba kokuqala lezindiza empini. Ngo-May 1703 imikhumbi nobuholi oqondile sikaPetru Menshikov wahlasela imikhumbi Swedish ngesikhathi somfula iNeva. inkosi Okunye umehluko isibindi futhi swiftness yesenzo. Ngokusebenzisa eqa bakhe ukuba bagibele imikhumbi emibili ebalulekile isitha athathwa. Impumelelo yaqashelwa. Ngemva kwempi, izikhulu ovelele ikakhulukazi wathola i the Order of St Andreya Pervozvannogo. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka Menshikov. Impi iye waphinda ukuqinisekisile ubuholi namakhono ayo.

amaqiniso neziphawulekayo nezinye ezihlobene lo mkhosi. Okokuqala, Menshikov Aleksandr Danilovich Kwatholakala knight entsha ye-oda nge nenombolo ye-serial 7, ngenkathi uPetru awuthola inombolo oda 6. Okwesibili, umklomelo Waboshwa ngesonto ngaphambi kokuhlela dolobha esizayo - Petersburg. Isinqumo ku yokunikeza Menshikov kakade ngalesi sikhathi limbiza umbusi-jikelele we-sifundazwe entsha.

Umbusi-jikelele Petersburg

Kusukela kulo mzuzwana iminyaka eminingi, aze ihlazo lakhe, asondela kuPetru wengamela ukwakhiwa komuzi entsha. Futhi aba ngaphansi kwakhe kwaba Kronstadt futhi shipyards eziningana iNeva futhi Svir.

I ibutho, eyayiholwa Alexander Danilovich ngokuthi Ingrian futhi akhiwa ezinye amayunithi elite - Semenovsk futhi Preobrazhensky Regiment.

Menshikov uthola isihloko Prince

Ngo 1704 wagcina ukuvinjezelwa Narva futhi Ivangorod. It iqhaza futhi Menshikov. Military Biography iqukethe ulwazi kweqhaza hero indaba yethu ezihlukahlukene imikhankaso kanye izimpi. Kuwo wonke impi wazithola e front line, egcwalisa oda yenkosi ngokucophelela. ngokuzinikela kwakhe akubanga yize. Ngo 1707 wathola Prince wasondela Izhora umhlaba isihloko. Manje, akunjalo uyixazululile ngokuthi "Umusa wakho".

Prince Menshikov waphila umusa wasebukhosini. Nalapha futhi uyaphinda nengapheli amandla wasiphakamisa oda eNgophezukonke. Ngo 1707, i-Great Northern neMpi ushintshe nkundla yempi. Manje, ngxabano inkosi Swedish washukumiseleka ukuba ePoland nase-Ukraine. Menshikov wathatha ingxenye empini ebalulekile Forest, okuyinto ukubuyekeza ngoba impi ewumnqamula-juqu nesitha.

Lapho kuba uyazi aluboshelwa Hetman Mazepa, Prince baphuthuma nekomkhulu lalo - emzini Baturin. I inqaba sathathwa futhi ubhujiswe. Ukuze ukunqoba ebalulekile umngane wakhe uPetru ukhishwa omunye izindlu. Inani umhlaba, sabanjwa anawo Menshikov, yayimangaza ngempela.

It is kanye kuphela futhi baqinisekisa ngokuthi umeluleki enkosini kwakubiza. Peter akuvamile ukwenza ngaphandle Menshikov iseluleko ezindabeni ezempi. Ngokuvamile, uMbusi waveza umbono, induna ezahamba ngayo futhi wenza iziphakamiso ze ngcono yayo. Eqinisweni, yena wadlala indima induna abasebenzi ezempi, nakuba ngobuchwepheshe iposi kwakungesona.

Impi yase-Poltava

Enye impumelelo enkulu Menshikov mlando shayela umnikelo wakhe siqu kokunqoba Poltava. Ngobusuku obandulela impi iyunithi yakhe yafakwa vanguard kwezinhloko zamaviyo. Menshikov baba igalelo kuqala futhi isiqalo ngqo empini. Phakathi nempi isikhulu iyiswe flank kwesokunxele, okuyinto wasebenza njengomfundisi ngamandla nangempumelelo. amahhashi abathathu kwathi ngaphansi kwakhe ...

Futhi Menshikov, kanye Golitsyn. ukushushiswa kwaholela wanqoba ibutho isiSwidi. Wabamba up ngababaleki futhi ziphoqelelwe ukuba lidele. Ngenxa yalesi umsebenzi kuphumelele basekuthunjweni babe amasosha Swedish-15 000, kuhlanganise nezikhulu ezidumile ojenene (Lewenhaupt, Kreutz nokunye. D.). edilini elikhulu wanikezwa yokudumisa iziboshwa zasebukhosini. Peter mina, owayehlezi etafuleni, mathupha yamemezela toast behlonipha nabaphikisi ukulahlekelwa.

Ngesenzo akhe asebenzayo e Battle of Poltava Menshikov waklonyeliswa elisezingeni Field Marshal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayekhokha unikwe kwesabelo esilandelayo. Prince waba umnikazi we serfs ezingaphezu kuka-40 eziyinkulungwane, wamenza waba wesibili indoda enamandla kakhulu kuleli zwe. Lapho uPetru ngikweluleke waya eMoscow ukugubha ukunqoba kwawo, Menshikov ubeshayela ngakwesokunene yenkosi. Yaba enye ukuqashelwa ngezinkonzo zakhe ukuze isimo.

Nge isikhulu eMoscow kwakuhlobene enye indaba ebaluleke bona. Ngo 1704 Wayala kokwakhiwa kwethempeli, eyaqedwa ngemva kweminyaka emithathu. manje Menshikov Tower eMoscow (njengoba phathelana kulendlu eyaziwa) liwukuphela kwesakhiwo endala yenhloko-dolobha e isitayela of Petrine Baroque.

Prince izigodi

Ngenxa isimo olukhulu Prince sokuthuthwa kwempahla umsebenzi wakhe, ukuze kabusha eziningi zokuhlala ezweni lonke. Waziwa kakhulu ngokuba Isigodlo Menshikov ku Vasilevsky Isiqhingi Petersburg. Ekuqaleni kwalo lalisetshenziswa njengesibhedlela Manor siqu. Nokho, ngemva "umbusi poluderzhavnogo" bathunjwe, lesi sakhiwo kabusha izidingo ezigungu lempi.

Kwesinye Oranienbaum Menshikov Palace liwukuphela kwesakhiwo elikhulu Ensemble yezakhiwo wendawo. Siqukethe eziningana izingadi, izindlu nemisele. Konke lokhu ezihlukahlukene Ukwakheka esikhulu eliqhakazile, okuyinto ngonyaka izinkulungwane zezivakashi.

Isigodlo e Kronstadt kwadalwa umakhi German Braunstein. Namuhla, lesi sakhiwo yisona omunye omdala emzini. It lavuselelwa kaningana, ngenxa yalokho ukubukeka yokuqala esigodlweni, ngeshwa, ilahlekile.

Enye igama ebalulekile Prince kwaba inqaba Ranenburg e yesimanje Lipetsk esifundeni. Wakhe esephinde uPetru, owavuma ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe uzama ukwakha izifundazwe ezisenkabeni oluqinisayo eminingi ye-European (Dutch) imodeli. Ngo-1702 i-emperor wanikeza le ndawo Menshikov, ababakhe Isigodlo lapha.

Kuchubeka Elikhulu Northern neMpi

Ngemva Battle of Poltava isinyathelo amasu empini bathuthela eRussia. Menshikov eminyakeni emine eyalandela wahola amabutho ezifundazweni Baltic: Pomeranian, Kurland futhi Holstein. umbimbi European Peter (Denmark kanye Prussia) ukhishwa imiklomelo yaso kazwelonke bayo (Order of the Indlovu kanye Order of the Black Eagle, ngokulandelana).

Ngo-1714 Governor General bagcina bebuyele Petersburg, lapho umshado enhlanganweni Wezangaphakathi. Kuyinto unesibopho kakhulu yengcebo edolobheni, lapho imali sasivela ezweni lonkana. Ngisho ngesikhathi ukuphila kaPetru, kwakukhona amahemuhemu ukuthi izimali eziningi zisetshenziswa nezinye izinjongo. Abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi kude imali lahlakazeka Menshikov. Khuyini uPitrosi, ekuphenduleni lezi amahemuhemu? Ngokwengxenye enkulu - kukhona akudingayo yinkosana, futhi kakhulu ukuba khona-ke, ngenxa yalokho ukuthi okuningi yabaleka nalo.

UMongameli we Collegium Military

Naphezu ukuhlukunyezwa yayo Menshikov e 1719 ephethwe entsha Military College. Le nhlangano efika njengompristi umphumela kwekuhlela kabusha enkulu isimo uPetru. Phezu kwalo iNkosi ayivumanga oda asendulo futhi ukungasebenzi, futhi esikhundleni kusungulwa ibhodi - prototypes zezinkonzo yesimanje. Kulezi izakhiwo, kwakukhona yokwehlayo ecacile, okuyinto ukufanisa Ithebula elisha Amazinga. UMongameli we-Military Collegium ka Menshikov baba esemthethweni kuqala okuthunyelwe ezinjalo.

Ngemva isikhulu ngahileleka Umsebenzi wokuphatha oqondile, akabange esaba kwaholela wamabutho empini. Noma kunjalo, kwaba Alexander Danilovich umthetho kwaholela ekuphileni amabutho ku esigabeni lokugcina neMpi Northern. Ngo 1721 iSivumelwano Nystad sasayinwa, sona sasungula amanye aqala ukunqoba ephindelela entsha phezu aseBaltic coast yeRussia. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi leli zwe lalikhungethwe iyahola European kwezombangazwe. Yokudumisa ukunqoba, uPetru iye yaklonyeliswa abangane eziningi nezikhulu ababenaye ngesikhathi lezi kwamashumi amabili. Menshikov wathola isikhundla Vice Admiral.

Ukufa uPetru noCatherine ibhodi

intukuthelo edlulayo kaPetru kwaba isizathu ukuthi uMbusi zange ajamelane ngokukhwabanisa yakhe eseduze. Ngo-1724, Menshikov wakhunyulwa iningi izikhundla zabo: okuthunyelwe kalowo lezeMpi Collegium, umbusi-jikelele Petersburg. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva uPetru wagula kakhulu futhi wafa. Lapho esezokufa, wayesithethelela umngane wakhe ubudala futhi zenziwe kuye Menshikov.

Eminyakeni yamuva yokuba khona kwezulu acute nkosi yayiyisazi umbuzo ngokulandelana. Okwamanje zokugcina Umbusi wanquma nginikeze amandla kumkayo, uCatherine, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngaphambi nje kokuba enecala lokuzama ukuvukela uMbuso. Menshikov kwakuthandeka umbusi omusha. Nge Labaqaphi, yena ukuyiveza yikuphi ukuphikiswa amaqembu ukuba nobutha. Kodwa ukunqoba sakhe sifushane.

Exile kanye nokufa

Catherine wafa ngokungalindelekile 1727. indawo yayo sathathwa umzukulu uPetru mina Petr II. Umbusi omusha eseyingane, akazange athathe izinqumo ezizimele. Ngemuva kwakhe kwakumi ephathini yabakhulu, ngubani akakwazanga ukubekezelela "Nkosi poluderzhavnogo." Alexander Danilovich eseboshwa wabekwa icala nge ukukhwabanisa.

Uhulumeni omusha yamemezela sinqumo. Xhumanisa Menshikov obekumele ukuya enyakatho. Wathunyelwa a birch ezikude. Naphezu ihlazo, ababedingisiwe bavunyelwa ukuba amakhaya abo. Menshikov ndlu yakhiwe wezandla zakhe. Kube waze washona ngo-1729.