Ukuqala Romanov lwamakhosi. History of the Romanov lwamakhosi

Romanovs lwamakhosi omlando wakhe sihlehlela emuva ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, ababeze nje kusukela yizicukuthwane ubudala. Kodwa emva komshado esiphakathi Ivanom Groznym futhi omele Romanov - Anastasiey Zaharinoy, baba eduze umculo esigodlweni sayo. Ngemva asungula ubuhlobo nge eMoscow Ruric sobukhosi waqala ukusebenzisa ngokwabo Romanovs.

Umlando bababusi Russian we lwamakhosi waqala ngemva elibusayo izwe akhethwe Umzukulu nomfazi Ivana Groznogo - Mikhail Fedorovich. Inzalo yakhe bema ikhanda yeRussia kwaze kwaba ngo-October 1917.

prehistory

Ngukhokho Kweminye imindeni ezihloniphekayo, kuhlanganise Romanovs, ngokuthi u-Andrei Ivanovich mare, eyise, njengoba kufakazelwa irekhodi Divonovich indlala-Kamba, wathola ekubhapathizweni igama Ivan, uvele Russia in eyishumi yokugcina yekhulu weshumi nane. Yena uvela Lithuania.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, isigaba esithile mlando kusikisela ukuthi ekuqaleni Romanov lwamakhosi (kafushane - House of Romanov) livela Novgorod. Andrei Ivanovich owaba namaningi njengamadodana amahlanu amadodana. Babizwa ngokuthi uSimoni, inkunzi Alexander isihlahla, Vasily Ivantay futhi Gabriel Gavsha futhi Fedor Cat. Kwakumelwe okhokho abaningi njengoba nesikhombisa izindlu yizicukuthwane eRussia. Esikhathini knee lokuqala Andrei Ivanovich namadodana akhe okuqala amane ngelika Kobylin, Fedor Andreevich nendodana yakhe u-Ivan - Koshkin, nendodana zokugcina - Zachary - Koshkin-Zakhar'in.

Ukuvela izibongo

ngokushesha Inzala sinqatshiwe yokuqala yani - Cat. Futhi isikhashana baqala ukubhala kuphela ngaphansi kwegama Zakharins. Kusukela kwedolo lesithupha nalokho ingezwe enye ingxenye - Yuriev.

Ngakho, inzalo uPetru futhi Vasiliya Yakovlevichey ngelika Yakovlev, Romana - okolnichy nababusi - Zakharins-Romanov. Kuyinto nge abantwana yokugcina futhi kuvela edumile Romanov lwamakhosi. Phakathi nokubusa lolu hlobo kwaqala ngo 1613th.

amakhosi

Romanov lwamakhosi wakwazi ukwakha esihlalweni sobukhosi sombuso abameleli ezinhlanu. Eyokuqala yalezi kwaba enkulu-yomfowabo ka Anastasia - umfazi Ivana Groznogo. Mikhail Fedorovich - inkosi yokuqala Romanov lwamakhosi, wavuswa yesihlalo sobukhosi Zemsky Sobor. Kodwa kusukela esemncane futhi bengenakho okuhlangenwe nakho, empeleni leliya lizwe Bayou uMarta nezihlobo. Ngemva kwakhe, Romanov lwamakhosi amakhosi ayethathwa ambalwa. Kuyinto indodana yakhe Alex abazukulu abathathu - Fyodor, Ivan V noPetru I. Kwakuwusuku wokugcina 1721, onyakeni ophele ne Romanov lwamakhosi.

ababusi

Lapho uPetru A. ethathe ubukhosi, uhlobo waqala ngenkathi ehlukile ngokuphelele. I Romanovs, omlando wakhe njengoba bababusi lwamakhosi kwaqala ngo 1721-m, wanika nantathu ababusi Russian. Zintathu kuphela babevela igazi.

Ngemva uPeter Omkhulu - umbusi wokuqala zeNdlu Romanov - njengoba autocratic sobukhosi Empress uzalwe nomkakhe zomthetho Catherine mina, umsuka okuyinto namanje kuseyimpikiswano mlando ukuhola. Emva kokushona kwakhe, amandla lidlule umzukulu wakhe uPetru mina umshado wakhe wokuqala? - UPetru II.

Ngenxa sokulwa okukhona ngaphakathi eqenjini izingobe lokulandelana umugqa Umkhulu wakhe yavalwa. Futhi emva kombuso kanye zobungoma enanikelwa umzalwane indodakazi umdala koMbusi Petra Velikogo - Ivan V, kuyilapho ngemva Anny Ioannovny enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi Russian indodana yakhe uMbusi Brunswick. igama lakhe kwakunguJohane VI Antonovich. Kunguye kuphela Ummeleli we Mecklenburg-Romanov ezathatha sobukhosi. It egumbuqela anti wakhe siqu - "Ndodakazi Petrov" iNdlovukazi Elizabeth. Yena ayengashadile futhi awuzalanga mntwana. Yingakho Romanov lwamakhosi, etafuleni leBhodi okuyinto ngempela umxhwele, ngokuvumelana wesilisa oqondile uma ivuliwe futhi phezu.

Ujwayele umlando

Ukubusa esihlalweni sobukhosi lolu hlobo kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo eziyinqaba, sizungezwe ukufa kwabaningi eziyinqaba. Romanov lwamakhosi, kabani abamele unesithombe kunoma iyiphi incwadi yomlando, is ngqo exhumene zemihla Russian. Ivelele ngokuba nothando yayo njalo. Ndawonye nabantu uya ebhekene nezikhathi ezinzima, kancane oqeda izwe enhluphekweni nobumpofu - imiphumela izimpi njalo, ukuthi Romanovs. Umlando we lwamakhosi Russian ngokoqobo ayegcwele izenzakalo olunegazi futhi izimfihlakalo. Ngamunye nommeleli wayo, nakuba ngalowo izithakazelo izakhamuzi, ngesikhathi esifanayo zihlukaniswa waba nesihluku.

umbusi wokuqala

Unyaka ka ekuqaleni Romanov lwamakhosi kwakuhluke kakhulu ukubuyisa. Isimo babengenalo umbusi esisemthethweni. Ikakhulu sibonga idumela elihle kakhulu Anastasii Zaharinoy nomfowabo Nikita Romanov umndeni wakhe ayelihlonipha zonke.

Russia ihlushwe nempi Sweden futhi cishe okuvimba feuds internecine. Ekuqaleni kuka February, ngonyaka 1613th e Grand ezibiyele Palace, bashiya kubahlaseli bangaphandle, kanye inqwaba ebhuqwini doti, ezamenyezelwa inkosi yokuqala Romanov lwamakhosi - isikhulu intsha nabangenakho okuhlangenwe nakho Mikhail Fedorovich. Futhi kulo nyaka eyishumi nesithupha indodana endala ka uMphathi weSonto Filaret kwaphawula ukuqala kokubusa Romanov lwamakhosi. Wayelethwa zigxilé ukubusa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nambili.

Kwaba naye kuqala Romanov lwamakhosi, itafula lozalo okuyinto wafunda esikoleni. Ngo 1645-m Michael ilandelwa indodana yakhe u-Alex. Lesi sakamuva futhi imithetho isikhathi eside - ezingaphezu kuka kwamashumi amathathu. Ngemva kwakhe, ngokulandelana ngokulandelana ke kuye kwahlotshaniswa obuthile.

Kusukela 1676 Eminyakeni eyisithupha yokuqala ye-Russian umthetho umzukulu Michael - Fedor, yaqanjwa ukhokho wakhe. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, nokubusa Romanov lwamakhosi uyakufanelekela baqhubeka uPetru mina no-Ivan V - abafowabo. Basuke ngoba cishe eyishumi nanhlanu edlule, kwenziwa siwumbuso ombaxambili, yize cishe zonke ekuphathweni wezwe wathatha phezu udadewabo uSophia, ngubani ayedume ngokukhipha abe kakhulu owesifazane amandla abathanda. Izazi-mlando zisitshela ukuthi isihlalo sobukhosi ekhethekile kabili, ukuba umgodi iye ngaphambilini ukufihla lesi simo. Futhi ngakho-ke ngaye ithi UZandile wanikeza iziyalezo abafowabo.

Petr Veliky

Futhi nakuba ekuqaleni kokubusa Romanov lwamakhosi lihlotshaniswa igama Mikhail Fedorovich, lo okungenani eyodwa nabameleli bayo ukwazi pheze konke. Lona indoda abangakwazi yokuziqhenya ngayo yonke abantu isiRashiya, ngokwabo Romanovs. Umlando bababusi isiRashiya kuyo lwamakhosi, umlando abantu isiRashiya futhi emlandweni weRussia awunakuhlukaniswa enegama Petra Velikogo - umsunguli nomyali ibutho njalo futhi lasolwandle, futhi bebonke - indoda nge ukubukwa intuthuko ngokuphila.

Nokuzinikezela, intando oluqinile umthamo omkhulu umsebenzi, uPetru mina, njengoba ngempela futhi bonke, okumbalwa, le Romanov lwamakhosi, okuyinto unesithombe abamele zonke izincwadi zomlando, ukuphila ngafunda okuningi. Kepha wayegxila ezempi kanye seamanship. Phakathi nohambo lokuqala phesheya eminyakeni 1697-1698, uPetru bekhetha inkambo wezikhali Sciences eKönigsberg ke isigamu ngonyaka ukusebenzela Amsterdam shipyards umbazi elula, wafunda imfundiso yokuziphendukela shipbuilding eNgilandi.

Kwakungekhona kuphela ubuntu emangalisayo kakhulu ezitholakala kule nkathi, wayengase abe eziqhenya Romanovs: umlando lwamakhosi Russian angazanga umuntu ehlakaniphe kakhulu futhi ethanda ukwazi izinto ezintsha. Konke mayelana nayo, ngokuvumelana ayephila nabo, wakufakazela ngomlomo lokhu.

Peter njalo abanesifiso konke ngandlela-thile abathintekayo amacebo akhe: futhi ingxenye ukuphathwa noma kwezentengiselwano, kanye nemfundo. Ilukuluku lakhe kwakwabelwa cishe yonke. Akazange sidebeselele ngisho nasemininingwaneni emincane kakhulu, uma kamuva kungaba into ewusizo.

A iyindaba yokuphila Petra Romanova kwaba ukuvelela isimo kanye nokuqinisa amandla alo ezempi. Nguye owaba umsunguli yebutho njalo futhi lasolwandle, aqhubeke nezinguquko zikayise - Alexei Mikhailovich.

ukuguqulwa State wokubusa uPetru sivulwe Russia kusimo ezinamandla, okuyinto aluthola izimbobo, ukuthuthukiswa namanye amazwe, kanye nokuphathwa okuhle zokuphatha.

Futhi nakuba ekuqaleni kokubusa Romanov lwamakhosi sabekwa cishe kwayisithupha ngaphambi yimiphi nabameleli bayo akakwazanga ukufeza yini eyenza Petr Veliky. Akazange nje umise ngokwaso njengoba usomaqhinga omkhulu, kodwa futhi wadala anti-Swedish Northern Alliance. Emlandweni igama umbusi wokuqala exhunywe esigabeni eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa Russia futhi ukuvela yayo njengoba waba namandla amakhulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo UPetru wayengumuntu kanzima kakhulu. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-nesikhombisa wathatha izintambo amandla, ayizange wehluleka ukufihla udadewabo UZandile e sezindela ezikude. Omunye abameleli edume kunayo Romanov lwamakhosi, uPetru, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Great, wayaziwa ngokwanele uMbusi nabangenaluthando, naye ngokwakhe uye kuchazwe umgomo - kutsi uhlele malotsivilizovannoy yayo izwe ngendlela yaseNtshonalanga.

Noma kunjalo, naphezu kwalezi imibono lesichubekako, sasibhekwa engumashiqela zangamabomu, ngempela ukufana eyandulela wakhe unonya - Ivanu Groznomu, umyeni ukhokho wakhe Anastasia Romanova.

Abanye abacwaningi ukwenqaba ukubaluleka okwandisa kaPetru reorganizations kanye nenqubomgomo jikelele yombusi phakathi nokubusa kwayo. UPetru, bayakholwa, wayephuthuma ukuba bafinyelele imigomo yabo, ngakho eshukunyiswa enqamulelayo, usebenzisa ngezinye izikhathi ngisho izindlela ngokusobala Clumsy. Futhi lokhu kwaba isizathu ukuthi ngemva kokufa kwakhe kungakabi yisikhathi, Russian Empire ngokushesha wabuyela isimo kusukela lapho wezinguquko uPyotr Romanov wazama beyikhipha.

Akunakwenzeka e bawa omunye endizela ukuba ngokuphelele ukushintsha abantu bakhe, ngisho yokwakha inhloko-dolobha yakhe entsha, boyars aphuce intshebe futhi kwaholela sbiralsya ku ekubhikisheni.

Noma kunjalo, inqubomgomo Romanovs, futhi ikakhulu, izinguquko zokuphatha, eyethula UPetru wayesho eningi yezwe.

igatsha elisha

Lapho eseshadile Anne (Indodakazi yesibili sikaPeter Omkhulu noCatherine), indodana yomfowabo ka-inkosi Swedish sabekwa ekuqaleni Romanov lwamakhosi, empeleni yaphenduka uhlobo Holstein-Gottorp. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuvumelana inkontileka, owazalwa lokhu emshadweni, futhi baba uPetru III, yayisalokhu ilungu yindlu yobukhosi.

Ngakho, ngokuvumelana nezimiso zozalo, umndeni imperial seyaziwa ngokuthi Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, lokubonakala hhayi kuphela emndenini wabo elingenamikhono izingalo, kodwa futhi ku izingalo Russia. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, esihlalweni sobukhosi waphasiswa emgceni locondzile, ngaphandle esonta. Lokhu kwenzeke sibonga isimemezelo uPawulu. Lathi ukulandelana umugqa zabesilisa ngqo.

Ngemva izwe lalibuswa uPawulu u-Alexander I - indodana yakhe endala, owayeneminyaka engenabantwana. A yesibili ozalweni lwakhe - Duke Konstantin Pavlovich - asiyeke ukuthi, eqinisweni, kwaba omunye izimbangela kwavukelwa Decembrist. Umbusi ozayo indodana yakhe yesithathu - UNicholas I. Ngokuvamile, njengoba isikhathi uCatherine Omkhulu, bonke zombuso zaqala ukugqoka isihloko Umqhele Prince.

Ngemva Nicholas mina, esihlalweni sobukhosi wadlulela indodana yakhe endala - u-Alexander II. Ngesikhathi eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nanye Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich ebulawa isifo sofuba. Ngakho-ke, olandelayo uyindodana yesibili - uMbusi u-Alexander III, ngubani ilandelwa indodana yakhe endala kanti wokugcina umbusi Russian - uNicholas II. Ngakho, kusukela ngomzuzu lapho, lo mbuso Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp kusukela kule legatsha kwenzeka eziyisishiyagalombili umbusi nokubala noCatherine Omkhulu.

yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye

Ekhulwini XIX asebukhosini ezinwetshiwe futhi ngakhula. imithetho ekhethekile nokulawula amalungelo kanye nezibopho ngayinye amalungu omndeni ngisho kuthathwe. Were esibekiwe, futhi ngezinto eziphathelene khona kwabo. Kwakukhona ngisho kwethulwa isihloko esisha - isikhulu igazi yasebukhosini. Wacabanga inzalo ukude kakhulu umbusi.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi eseqala Romanov lwamakhosi kanye ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye Imperial House kwaba kakade emananini amagatsha amane emgqeni besifazane:

• Holstein-Gottorpovskaya;
• Leuchtenberg - livela indodakazi Nicholas mina, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, futhi UMbusi Leuchtenberg;
• Oldenburg - ukuba ibuye emshadweni wayo nendodakazi uMbusi uPawulu UMbusi Oldenburg;
• Mecklenburg - zivela umshado Princess Catherine Mikhailovna futhi UMbusi Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Revolution futhi i-Imperial House

Kusukela lapho kwaba ukuqala Romanov lwamakhosi, indaba le umndeni egcwele ukufa futhi zichitha igazi. Shono lokugcina umndeni - uNicholas II - ngelika Bloody. Mangisho ukuthi Umbusi ngokwakhe ngesikhathi esifanayo akahlukile ulaka.

Ukubusa zokugcina nkosi Russian laphawulwa ukukhula okusheshayo nezomnotho kuleli zwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo eRussia kwakubikwa ukwanda eziphikisanayo kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Konke lokhu kwaholela ekuqaleni ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso, futhi ngenxa yalokho - ukuze zabhikisha ka 1905-1907, bese kuya Februwari Revolution.

umbusi Russian futhi inkosi yasePoland futhi Grand UMbusi Finland - zinyanga Russian Tsar we Romanov lwamakhosi - enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1894. Abantu besikhathi uNicholas II kuchazwa njengoba ithambile futhi bafunde bagogoda, devotee ngobuqotho yezwe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo indoda nenkani kakhulu.

Ngokusobala, lokhu kwaba imbangela ukuphikiswa eziphikelelayo iseluleko izikhulu nakho ezindabeni zokubusa ukuthi, eqinisweni, okwaholela amaphutha ebulalayo kwinqubomgomo Romanov. uthando Kuyamangalisa ezizinikele inkosi kumkayo, okuyinto kwezinye izincwadi zomlando ngokuthi ngisho engqondweni ongenakulinganisela ethile, wabangela ngodaka asebukhosini. Owangabaza igunya lakhe liye posited njengoNkulunkulu weqiniso kuphela.

Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi ngomfazi umbusi wokugcina waseRoma Russian kwadingeka ngempela nezwi ezicini eziningi zokubusa. Nokho, akazange ungaphuthelwa ithuba elilodwa ukusizakala, kuyilapho abaningi abantu esiphakeme neze zokuhamba. Iningi lazo kubhekwe wokugcina wokubusa Romanov fatalist, kanti abanye babelungisa ukudla linombono wokuthi limane nje ngokuphelele uyakwazi ukuhlupheka kwabantu bakubo.

Ekupheleni kokubusa

Igazi 1917 waba babe lokugcina amandla onezinkinga we autocrat. Konke lokhu kwaqala kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala futhi ukwehluleka inqubomgomo uNicholas II kule nkathi enzima eRussia.

Abamelene omkhaya Romanov zithi ngalesi sikhathi le nkosi yokugcina wayengeke asonge izandla noma yehlulekile ngesikhathi esifanele nokuqalisa ku umkhuba izinguquko zezombangazwe nezenhlalo kunesidingo. I Februwari Revolution ophoqelelwe umbusi wokugcina namanje iwuyeke. Ngenxa yalokho, uNicholas II nomkhaya wakhe babematasa uboshelwa endlini e esigodlweni sakhe Tsarskoye Selo.

Phakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye le Romanovs wabusa ngaphezu wesithupha iplanethi. Kwaba oludonsa, ezimele futhi igxile kakhulu European ezweni ingcebo. Kwaba sikhathi esikhulu, okungekho yaphela ngemva kokuba ukubulawa asebukhosini, owokugcina Romanovs: uNicholas II no-Alexandra kanye nezingane zabo ezinhlanu. Kwathi egumbini we endlini Ipatiev e eYekaterinburg ngobusuku Julayi 17, 1918.

Romanov namuhla

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1917 Russian Imperial House of Abamele lalinabashumayeli emashumi mathandathu anamihlanu, ezingamashumi amathathu nambili elalingelamaFilisti isigamu besilisa. abantu Nesishiyagalombili ladutshulwa amaBolshevik esikhathini kusukela ngo-1918 kuya eminyakeni 1919. Kwathi Petersburg, Alapaevsk futhi, yebo, ku eYekaterinburg. Asele abantu amane nesikhombisa zibalekile. Ngenxa yalokho, njalo nje bazithola bethunjiwe, ikakhulukazi e-US kanye eFrance.

Naphezu kwalokhu ingxenye enkulu lwamakhosi has iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi ethemba ukuthi uzothola inhlonipho nciphisa kwamandla Soviet kanye nokubuyiselwa yokubusa kwamakhosi eRussia. Ngo-December 1920 Olga K. - Grand Princess - baba ibamba yaseGrisi, waqala ukuthatha kuleli zwe ngoba abaningi abavela eRussia, ayeya ulinde nje bese sibuyela emuva ekhaya. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kwenzeke.

Nokho, i-House of Romanov isikhathi eside kwadingeka isisindo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1942, abameleli ababili House yanikeza ngisho isihlalo sobukhosi Montenegro. Kuye kwakha ngisho inhlangano, okubandakanya wonke amalungu eziphilayo lwamakhosi.