Liberation of Belarus (1944). IMpi Enkulu Patriotic

Ngemva kwaseStalingrad futhi eKursk Bulge inkambo neMpi Yezwe II yagcina ukunqoba, Red Army balwa ngoba izwe labo. Laqonda sesisondele ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II. Lapho Belarus kwaba yisinyathelo esibalulekile endleleni ukuze siwuphumelele.

umzamo ebusika

Umzamo wokuqala ukuba akhulule Belarus senziwe ubusika 1944. I okuhlukumezayo isiqondiso Vitebsk waqala ekuqaleni kuka-February, kodwa sasingawohloki ethwele impumelelo: intuthuko kwakunzima nengxenye wakwazi kokubuka amakhilomitha ayishumi kuphela.

Mina Front isi-Byelorussian, wasebenza ngawo Minsk futhi Bobruisk isiqondiso, izinto zihambe kangcono kancane, kodwa namanje kude ekhaliphile. Lapha ukuhlaselwa kwaqala ngisho ngaphambili, ekuqaleni kuka-January, futhi kakade 14 athathwa Mozyr futhi Kalinkovichi. Ngu kwentwasahlobo, amabutho aseSoviet sawela Dnieper futhi amaNazi iwine 20-25 km ndawo.

kusengaphambili Ngakho unhurried iRed Army kwakungafanele athethwe waphumelela ngokukhethekile, ngakho phakathi entwasahlobo High Command isinqumo ukuhlehlisa okuhlaselayo. Amabutho ayeyalwe ukuba sithole kuphela ukwakha isizinda kuleli izikhundla matasa bese ulinda izikhathi ezingcono.

Ngokungafani isiqondiso Belarusian, umkhankaso ezinkulu we ebusika futhi entwasahlobo ka-1944 kwaba yimpumelelo ngempela: emaphethelweni aseningizimu ngaphambili wawela umngcele, izimpi ezazilwela ngaphandle i-USSR. Izinto ezimbi waqhubeka esigabeni esenyakatho phambi: amabutho aseSoviet bakwazi ukufeza ekhishwa neMpi Finnish. Ukuze ukukhululwa ehlobo waseBelarus ayekade kuhlelwe, aseBaltic republic nase-Ukraine ining engu ephelele.

onesimo

Umugqa phambi ku BSSR kuyinto isiqondiso ngase eSoviet Union arc (protrusion nhlonhlo) ubude 1100 km. Enyakatho-ke kukhawulwe Vitebsk, eningizimu - Pinsk. Ngaphakathi arc, ngokuthi iSoviet Jikelele Abasebenzi, "projection Belarusian", wamisa amabutho aseJalimane - iqembu "Isikhungo", kuhlanganise ethangini wesithathu, 2, 4th futhi Sebawoti 9th.

Umyalo German abanika izikhundla zabo Belarus kakhulu amasu. Eyaliwe ukuvikela ngazo zonke izindlela, + ngakho yokukhululwa Belarus akuyona cakewalk.

Ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo ka-1944 sokudumisa akacabanganga impi ubelahlekile, futhi ngiyaduduzeka abanethemba, bekholelwa ukuthi uma kwesibaya isikhathi, umfelandawonye ngeke liphuke, abese eSoviet Union umaluju, bekhathele beyingcuba ngenxa ukulwa isikhathi eside.

Ngemva uchungechunge ezobunhloli nekuhlatiya simo, Wehrmacht Wanquma ukulindela enkingeni ngokushesha kulandela kusukela Ukraine futhi Romania: ukusebenzisa indawo kakade okukhishiwe, Red Army ungase uyogalela kwasani, ngisho anqande eJalimane Amasimu osendaweni ebalulekile Ploiesti.

Báqondiswa ngalezo zinto, amaJalimane wadonsa kuya eningizimu force main, bethi yokukhululwa Belarus akunakwenzeka ukuba uqale kanjalo maduze, futhi isimo emabuthweni esitha noma izimo zendawo nhlobo akuzange kudingeke ukuba kuhlasela.

ngobuqili

EU.SSR inakekelwa kahle kuleyo abaphikisi lezi izinkolelo zamanga. Emkhakheni emaphakathi eyakhelwe izivikelo zamanga, 3rd Front Ukrainian bephikisa alingisa ukunyakaza eziyishumi elihamba ukuhlukana, wadala banenkolelo yokuthi amayunithi armored kumi Ukraine, lihlale endaweni, kuyilapho eqinisweni basuke ngokushesha endleleni ebheke ngumgogodla emgqeni zokuhlasela . Olwenziwe eziningi zokukhwabanisa zokukhwabanisa eklanyelwe amanga ukwazisa isitha, futhi okwamanje ku ekusithekeni eqinile yayilungiselela eyohlinzwa "Bagration": yokukhululwa Belarus seluseduze.

Ngomhla ka-May 20, i-General Abasebenzi kuqede ukuhlelwa mkhankaso. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Soviet High Command ulindele ukuze kufezeke izinhloso ezilandelayo:

• ukubuyela emuva izitha eMoscow;
• weshe amaqembu amabutho amaNazi futhi wawubaphuca ukuxhumana nomunye;
• ukunikeza isisekelo sebethule imithelela okwalandela isitha.

Ukuze aphumelele, ukusebenza Belarusian okuhlaselayo Kwahlelwa amadamu ngokucophelela, ngenxa umphumela wayo kwakuxhomeke kakhulu: ukunqoba wayivula kanjani indlela eya Warsaw, ngakho ku Berlin. Umzabalazo wabhekana sina, ngoba ukuze sifeze izinhloso kwakudingekile ukuba:

• izithathe ukuze ixazulule leyo enamandla izinqaba isitha uhlelo
• ukuphoqelela imifula emikhulu;
• abanezikhundla amasu;
• emgqeni emfushane ukuze akhulule kusukela amaNazi Minsk.

I lomumo elivunyiwe

, Kuxoxwa 22 noka-May 23 plan ukuthi iqhaza izinduna Front ezathatha iqhaza ekuqhutshweni, futhi ngomhla ka-30 Kwangathi-ke ekugcineni evunyiwe. Ngokusho kwakhe, kwathiwa, bathi:

• "Perforate" izivikelo German ezindaweni eziyisithupha, usebenzisa ukuhlaselwa ukumangala namandla isiteleka;
• Ukucekela maqembu Vitebsk futhi Bobruisk, eyasebenza njengodonga inhlobo "amaphiko 'we yokhalo Belarusian;
• ngemva kwekhefu ukuba siqhubekele phambili endleleni bebuthanela ukuthatha imvelo njengoba samabutho amakhulu isitha.

Ngalokho ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinhlelo uhlelo empeleni abuqede amabutho Wehrmacht kule ndawo futhi zivumele wenkululeko ephelele Belarus: 1944 bekumele abuqede behlukunyezwa zomphakathi hlebnuvshie izinto ezinyantisa umzimba empini kuya ngokugcwele.

abahlanganyeli emikhulu kulo mcimbi

Encwadini ezinkulu okuhlaselayo bazibandakanye amabutho Dnieper weqembu lemikhumbi kanye nezimpi ezine: aseBaltic 1st futhi Belarusian ezintathu.

Kunzima overestimate indima ezinkulukazi ukudlalwa ukuqaliswa ukusebenza yabashokobezi amayunithi: ngaphandle kwabo bahlakulele ukunyakaza Belarus wenkululeko kubahlaseli undlovukayiphikiswa cishe kwakuzothatha isikhathi nomzamo owengeziwe. Phakathi okuthiwa wesitimela impi abashokobezi wakwazi ukushaya up cishe izinkulungwane 150 komzila. Yiqiniso, inkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuphila bahlaseli, kodwa namanje kwaqalwa ngaphansi isitimela aphazamisa, yokuwela ubhujiswe, izimbobo zokuxhumana futhi zenze neminye izinto eziningi kwakwakhiwa. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela engabandlululi e Belarus kwaba amakhulu kunawo wonke endaweni yonke eSoviet Union.

Lapho abase 'Operation Bagration ", okunzima ngokukhethekile ukukholelwa mission of 1st Front isiBelorussia ngaphansi Rokossovsky. Emkhakheni Bobruisk isiqondiso kakhulu nemvelo, kwabonakala kunikela impumelelo - kulesi sici umyalo ephakeme nalowo kanti olunye uhlangothi sithathwe ngokuhlanganyelwa ngokuphelele. Futhi, ngempela, ukuhlasela usebenzisa indluzula ngokusebenzisa emaxhaphozini esingaweleki - inkinga, uma sikubeka kahle, neze nokwenzeka. Kodwa marshal waphikelela amaJalimane besingalindele wokuba kuhlaselwe nganeno, ngoba ukuba khona emaxhaphozini eyaziwa kungekhona ukuthi sezizimbi kakhulu kunokwethu. Yingakho isiteleka kumele asekwe lapha.

Ibhalansi amabutho

Izimpi abathintekayo emkhankasweni ziye kakhulu ukuqiniswa. Isitimela akusebenzanga yokwesaba kodwa aphume unembeza: ekulungiseleleni wathwalwa inqwaba imishini kanye nabantu - konke kuhambisana ekusithekeni eqinile.

Njengoba amaJalimane wanquma ukuba agxilise amabutho ayo phezu kwesigaba eningizimu, nimelana iRed Army German Army Iqembu "Isikhungo" lunezimpawu ezimbalwa izikhathi abantu kancane. Against 36.400 izibhamu amaSoviet nasemakamu izigqulo - 9500 ngokumelene 5200 amathangi nezibhamu self ezinezinjini - 900 amathangi nokushaya izibhamu, ngokumelene amayunithi 5300 zezindiza ezempi - futhi 1.350 izindiza.

Isikhathi sokuqala ukuhlinzwa wagcinwa imfihlo zigadiwe. Kuze kwaba sekupheleni impela amaJalimane akudingeki nakancane mayelana nomkhankaso esasizofika ngokushesha. Ungase uyibone ngeso lengqondo lokho wasuka ukuxokozela lapho ekuseni Juni 23 ukusebenza "Bagration" uye ekugcineni kuqalile.

Isimanga ngokuba sokudumisa

Wokukhuthazwa izimpi namabutho kwakungafanele iyunifomu. Ngokwesibonelo, umthelela force of the aseBaltic 1st (Army 4th) wayengakwazi yokuchitha isitha nomunye ukuhlaselwa wagan 'unwabu. Ngoba usuku ukuhlinzwa yena wakwazi ukunqoba km 5 kuphela. Kodwa Sesithupha Guards namabutho amane nantathu eshisiwe wamomotheka: bona "bahlabeka" isivikelo isitha wahamba Vitebsk ovela enyakatho-ntshonalanga. AmaJalimane ngokushesha ancipha, kokushiya-15 km. Ukubakhulumela ngokushesha Ugcwalise amathangi we 1st Corps.

3rd isiBelorussia Front amabutho wamabutho lama-39 futhi 5th Vitebsk indiva kusukela eningizimu, neze waphawula Luchesa umfula waya lo offensive. Boiler uzivalele: ngosuku lokuqala ukusebenza, amaJalimane kwadingeka ithuba elilodwa kuphela osindayo imvelo: dvadtsatikilometrovaya we "ephasishi" ububanzi, sathatha isikhathi esifushane, abambeka kunoxhaka yaphahlazeka ivalwe Ostrovno emzaneni.

Ngo Orsha isiqondiso amasosha aseSoviet ekuqaleni elinde ukuhluleka: izivikelo German kule ndawo enamandla kakhulu, isitha ngokuphuthumayo okubi futhi ngokuphumelelayo bavikela kunjalo. Imizamo ukukhulula Orsha benziwa ngoJanuary kuhlulekile. Ebusika, kulahleke impi, kodwa hhayi ukulahlekelwa empini: "Ukusebenza Bagration" alikushiyi ukwehluleka.

11-th nebutho 31-th ukuvakasha babehlala usuku lonke ngaphandle, ukuze uthole line ukuzivikela German yesibili. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, 5th Panzer Army kulindile amaphiko: esimweni intuthuko uphumelele Orsha isiqondiso ke wavula indlela eya Minsk.

2nd Front isiBelorussia ngokushelela futhi ngempumelelo ethuthuka ku Mogilev. Ekupheleni kosuku lokuqala elwa emkhankasweni loMfula Dnieper ephethwe ukuthwebula foothold ezinhle.

Juni 24 msebenzi ukuze akhulule Belarus futhi waqala ngokuba Front 1st isiBelorussia, okwakuthatha siqu ukulwa umgomo wayo: ukuhambisa bebheke Bobruisk. Khona-ke ithemba + ngo-ukugasela imizimba ngokugcwele: namanje, nganeno amaJalimane akazange alindele enkingeni. Umucu wako ukuzivikela lahlakazeka kwesininzi nesincinane.

Kundawo Parichi wedwa isiteleka iqembu waphula 20 km - ukubakhulumela ngokushesha yazithandela amathangi we Guards Okokuqala Corps. I amaJalimane kokuya Bobruisk. Ukuphishekela kwabo, avant-garde ubonakele Juni 25 phezu emaphethelweni omuzi.

Endabeni Rogachev wesifunda isimo kuqala yayingekho kamnandi ngakho: isitha kanzima nalaba, kodwa lapho isiqondiso igalelo inqatshelwe kuyo inyakatho, izinto zaziba kumnandi. Ngosuku lwesithathu ngemuva kokuqala ukusebenza yama-Jalimane Soviet ngabona ukuthi isikhathi ukubaleka, kodwa sekwephuze kakhulu uma: amathangi Soviet wayesevele ekujuleni ezingemuva wesitha. Ngo-June 27, abambeka kunoxhaka ivale. Kwatholakala ukwahlukana engaphezu kweyisithupha lesitha, okuyinto izinsuku ezimbili eyabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngokusebenzisa.

impumelelo

Ukuqala yashesha kakhulu. Juni 26, iRed Army yakhululwa Vitebsk, 27, ngemuva abanolaka elwa amaNazi namanje kwesokunxele Orsha, 28, amathangi Soviet sebevele Borisov, owakwazi ahlanzekile ngokuphelele 1 July.

Eduze Minsk, Vitebsk futhi Bobruisk babulawa 30 ukwehlukana isitha. izinsuku ezingu-12 ngemuva kokuqala ukusebenza, amabutho aseSoviet isihambile 225-280 km, omunye Jerk isigamu nasekuhlephuleni Belarus.

Izinhlelo ezinjengalezi imicimbi Wehrmacht kwakungafanele ngomumo, futhi umyalo ngqo iqembu "Centre" ibutho ababeziphatha futhi ehlelekile iphutha. isikhathi izindleko babehambe amahora, futhi ngezinye izikhathi - kubhalwe njengoba kunjalo emaminithini. Ekuqaleni, kwaba Kusengenzeka ukugwema encirclement, ehlehla ngesikhathi umfula. Berezina nokudala lapha umugqa omusha yokuzivikela. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuleli cala yokukhululwa Belarus kwakuzokwenzeka izinyanga ezimbili. Kodwa Field Marshal W. Bush wayala ngesikhathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukholo lwakhe ukungabi naphutha izibalo lempi, Hitler sasinamandla kangangokuthi, kwakuye phansi amandla esitha, kodwa he is a okweqile elandelayo oda kaHitler "ukuvikela protrusion Belarusian kubomvu" futhi zonakalise wawakhipha amabutho akhe. abayizinkulungwane 40 nezikhulu, kanye 11 ojenene German ngubani matasa izikhundla eziphakeme, abangafanga baba iziboshwa. Umphumela, uveze amaqiniso njengoba enjalo, zibangela amahloni.

Beshaqiswe impumelelo lesitha, amaJalimane aqala feverishly ukuze alungise leso simo: Bush waxoshwa e Belarus waqala ukudonsa uxhumano ezengeziwe. Ukubona mkhuba, umyalo Soviet edingekayo Shesha ukuthatha Minsk kungakapheli 8 Julayi. Loluhlelo weqiwe 3 we dolobha ye-republic ukhululiwe, futhi ibutho elikhulu amaJalimane (abayizinkulungwane 105 nezinduna) ngasempumalanga yomuzi - ezungezwe. Izwe zokugcina lapho eziningi zazo ziye ngayibona ekuphileni kwami, waba Belarus. 1944 eqoqwe wabulala isivuno olunegazi :. izinkulungwane zabantu abangu-70 futhi angaba yizinkulungwane 35 kwadingeka adlule emigwaqweni esisabekayo yenhloko-dolobha Soviet .. isitha phambi gaped nezintela akha omkhulu 400-ikhilomitha igebe kwakungelutho nokuqeda. AmaJalimane babaleka.

ukusebenza ezimbili esiteji

"Ukusebenza Bagration" yayinama ngezigaba ezimbili. Eyokuqala iqale ngo-23 Juni. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakudingekile ukuze ifohle iye phambi kwesitha amasu, Flanking amandla ukuze abhubhise ugema Belarusian. nezimpi iziteleka kancane kancane bebuthanela, gxila kwelinye iphuzu emephini. Ngemva impumelelo inkinga ishintshile: kwakudingekile ukuba ngokushesha ukuqinisekisa ekujaheni isitha baphule isandiso imigqa. Julayi 4-General Abasebenzi be-USSR ushintshe uhlelo yokuqala, kanjalo liphelelise lo Isigaba sokuqala se-mkhankaso.

Esikhundleni imikhondo bebuthanela diverging kusengaphambili: 1st Baltic Front wathutha maqondana noShawule 3rd Belarus ngabe khulula Vilnius futhi Lido, 2nd Belorusski kusengaphambili Navahradak, Grodno futhi Belostok. Rokossovsky wangena isiqondiso eBaranovichi futhi Brest, futhi emsileni, ngafika Lublin.

Sigaba ukusebenza "Bagration" kwesibili kwaqala ngo-5 Julayi. amabutho aseSoviet baqhubeka kusengaphambili zabo ngokushesha. Maphakathi no-ihlobo vanguards izimpi waqala ukuphoqelela Neman. bridgeheads Major Kushaqwe eMfuleni Vistula. Narev. Julayi 16 iRed Army matasa Grodno 28 - Brest.

Agasti 29, ukusebenza, yaqedwa ukwakhiwa. izinyathelo ezayo entsha ukuze siwuphumelele.

Ukubaluleka amasu ka

Ngo nobukhulu bayo "Bagration" ingenye imikhankaso ngobukhulu amasu okuhlaselayo. Ukukhulula Ubude waseBelarus Wawuthatha izinsuku ezingu-68. 1944, eqinisweni, uqede umsebenzi kuleli zwe. Ingabe kwahlangatshezwana kancane wabophula insimu ka aseBaltic, amabutho aseSoviet wawela umngcele futhi ngimatasa ingxenye Poland.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-iqembu elinamandla wamabutho "Isikhungo" yaphumelela elikhulu lempi futhi amasu. It labhujiswa ngokuphelele 3 brigades nezigaba 17 isitha. ukwehlukana 50 balahlekelwa ezingaphezu kwesigamu amalungu ayo. amabutho aseSoviet safinyelela yaseMpumalanga Prussia - lihamba phambili eliqaphile German.

It nomthelela umphumela ngempumelelo ecasula ukusebenza kwezinye iziqondiso, kanye kuvulwa phambi yesibili.

Phakathi imisebenzi German zaba ukulahlekelwa kwabantu ezingaba yingxenye yesigidi (Kushone, kwalimala iziboshwa). EU.SSR futhi balahlekelwa sina kanye nenani 765 815 abantu (178,507 abulawe, 587.308 kwalimala). amasosha aseSoviet yabonisa izimangaliso ubuqhawe ukuze anibekele yokukhululwa Belarus. Nokho, ngonyaka ka-operation, njengoba yonke inkathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili kwakuyinkathi impumelelo yeqiniso kazwelonke. I inezikhumulo sebuningini nezikhumbuzo kanye izikhumbuzo. Ngesikhathi ikhilomitha 21 emendweni eMoscow eyakhelwe iNdunduma Inkazimulo. Isikhumbuzo Okuthwesa umqhele indunduma limelela insabule ezine ezifanekisela amane phambi ababenza mkhankaso.

Inani lale ukunqoba wendawo wayemkhulu kangaka, ukuthi uhulumeni wamaSoviet wayeya ukusungula indondo ukuze kukhululwe Belarus, kodwa ke akuzange kwenzeke. Ezinye imiklomelo imidwebo zigcinwa Minsk Museum of the Great Patriotic neMpi umlando.