Ngubani-Ivan Fedorov? Biography Ivan Fedorov kafushane

Ngubani-Ivan Fedorov uyazi, mhlawumbe namuhla zonke wesikole. Kusuka emlandweni izincwadi zabo ukuze izingane uyazi yokuthi incwadi yokuqala Russian ephrintiwe wadala lo muntu. Ziyazi nokuthi wayengumuntu owayephila ngesikhathi Ivana Groznogo futhi wafundiswa kakhulu ngezindinganiso wangaleyo nkathi. Kodwa amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ngokuphila lokhu oyinganekwane is ayetfulwanga izincwadi zezemfundo. Kanye isanda olunameva indlela umsebenzi iphayona Russian.

Incwadi yokuqala eRussia

Incwadi yokuqala amadlozi baseRussia yesimanje wahlangana ngothando nangenhlonipho enkulu. Kodwa ngubani Ivan Fyodorov, abakhileyo Russia, bese namanje angazanga. Phela, sibonelo kushicilelwe wesimanje eside ngaphambi kokuzalwa ukuthi indoda. Esikhathini ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, amabhuku akuphrinthiwe futhi siwulingise. Ingabe-ke abaqeqeshiwe abantu - nababhali. Umsebenzi walaba ochwepheshe sasinzima, nomshikashika umkhiqizo kwaba Amakhasi engaphansi kwemine ngosuku.

Esikhathini maphakathi nekhulu xv, German Johann Gutenberg yasungulwa izinhlamvu ezithathekayo zokunyathelisa. Lokhu okusungulile emenza lokuzalwa umkhakha ukushicilela e-Europe. Kodwa kuqala eMoscow ukuyiprinta endlini, futhi yadalwa ukuthi phakathi nekhulu XVI, ziye zasebenza kuphela ngesisekelo isimo. Ngokwakhe Ivan Grozny ngaphambilini ukwakha le njongo isakhiwo elehlukile,, ngokusho idatha ziwukuqagela, no-Ivan Fyodorov wasebenza. Pioneer waziswa nabo nge okubhaliwe eyanyatheliswa ngo eMoscow izincwadi ezimbili kuphela. Ngokushesha, waphoqwa ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo. Okusha, indlela okuqhubekayo kwakungamelwe ukunambitheka abakopishi. Futhi lokhu akumangalisi, ngoba ukudalwa umshini typographic bancishwa umthombo wabo oyinhloko wemali.

esekudingisweni

Incwadi yokuqala amaphrinta eRussia akuzange kumenze uzwela, hhayi nje phakathi abakopishi professional, kodwa futhi abapristi. Kugcine wabuka indlela ezintsha isisusa zezihlubuki. Ngenxa yalokho lesi sakhiwo uzungu ukuphrinta, esisogwini Nikolskaya Street, kwaba ngomlilo. Nokho, kukhona enye inguqulo owawuthi lokhu abefundisi omlilo akuhlobene. into enjalo ngalezo zinsuku esimweni njalo eMoscow lokhuni. Futhi inkosi akazange alinge ukucela enkosini esesabekayo lomunye loan ukwakhiwa umshini omusha wokunyathelisa.

Okugcwele yezimfihlakalo biography Ivana Fedorova. Kafushane ngolunye ongasho ukuthi iminyaka eminingi iphrinta kuqala Russian senzeka e Moscow, futhi kwelinye izwe. Okokuqala, Fedorov waya Grand Duchy of Lithuania, kamuva - ku Lviv, lapho wakwazi ukuvula esitolo sakhe ngokuphepha.

"Umphostoli"

Biography Ivan Fedorov has a lot of namabala amhlophe. Kucatshangwa ukuthi wafundiswa e Krakow. Nokho, le nyuvesi abuthole ulwazi oluqinisekisa Russian ukuqeqeshwa iphayona art typographic.

Izisekelo ukuphrinta Western Europe Fedorov wayeyazi. Kodwa kushicilelwa izincwadi eRussia kufanele ukudala incwadi, uthathelwe emasikweni izincwadi Russian. Ngokuhamba incwadi yakhe yokuqala Fedorov wasebenza unyaka wonke. Siza kulokhu olunikezwa umhlobo wakhe uPetru Mstislavets. Le ncwadi ngokuthi "Umphostoli." Ifonti kule wobuciko typographic kwaba yimikhuba kakhulu futhi ofana wesandla. isigaba ngasinye siqala izincwadi elikhulu elibomvu okwenziwa e eyinkimbinkimbi isitayela ezihlotshisiwe. Kule ncwadi, umbhali futhi link okwamanje amaphethini isiGreki Venetian.

Uhlelo olusha biography Ivana Fedorova yethulwa. Kafushane iphayona ezixoxwa mayelana nezifundo zakhe. Ngokusho kwakhe, ubuciko typographic bamfundisa okuyinhloko-Danish.

"Breviary"

Akwaziwa kuze kube yilolu suku, ngakho uma ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa mayelana iphayona sakho semfundo. Ukuphila ugcwele izimfihlakalo Ivana Fedorova by kadokotela zeminyaka. Kodwa-ke, lo muntu waba zonke ubuchwepheshe ababenyathelisa yesikhathi. Iphayona abadumile Russian wakhonza njengephayona womqophi, typographer, bese wakha amafonti siqu.

Lokhu art nombhali wezincwadi zokuqala Russian ebhala njengesipho ethunyiwe ngenhla. Imisebenzi yakhe bavame ukuba wokuqukethwe ezingokomoya. Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi uhlelo lwesibili Fedorov futhi Mstislavets kwaba iqoqo imithandazo. "Chasovnyk" amelela omunye izibonelo bokuqala izincwadi. Ngokwencwadi ethi, eyayintula format ephaketheni, izingane iminyaka eminingi ukuba afunde ukufunda.

Biography Ivan Fedorov ubufakazi emfushane mayelana nemisebenzi yakhe endaweni yeRussia. "Breviary" kwaba encwadini yesibili nezokugcina, eyanyatheliswa ngo ukuphrinta endlini YaseMoscow. Kodwa ukuphishekela art typographic Fedorov akazange alahlekelwe zonke izinsuku zokuphila kwakhe.

"IVangeli '

Indlela ubuntu omkhulu uhlale kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi olunameva. Umlando wokuqala encwadini-iphrinta - sibonelo esigqamile. Biography Ivan Fedorov izenzakalo ocebile edabukisayo. nobunzima Abaningi elinde ukuphila kwakhe. Kodwa ngokuba ekudingisweni, akusona kancane aphikelela ukudalwa incwadi okudaliwe. Isekelwe ku Duchy of Lithuania, Fedorov wakwazi ukuqhubeka umsebenzi ekuphileni kwakhe konke. Bekanye Gregory Hetman Chodkiewicz wakwazi ukukhipha "ivangeli thisha."

"AmaHubo"

Biography Ivana Fedorova futhi umsebenzi wakhe ezihlobene namagama ezifana Grigoriy Hodkevich, uPetru Mstislavets. Laba bantu ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, ababengabangane bakhe ka lo muntu omkhulu wokunyathelisa. "AmaHubo" - incwadi ukuthi Fedorov ukhiphe bebodwa kakade. Chodkiewicz ngaleso sikhathi zaphela ngithande ukuphrinta ngenxa yokuguga. Mstislavets ngokumenywa ozakwabo Lithuanian kuhanjiswe ku Vilna.

"Umphostoli": Lions

Ngubani-Ivan Fedorov, Lviv wayazi wonke umuntu ukukhanyiselwa. E-Ukraine, babazi wazizwa ukuntuleka yokuba izwi elalotshwa. Ezulazulayo iminyaka by imizi kanye namazwe, Fedorov ithole indawo yokuhlala yesikhashana lapha, futhi sibonga uhlelo abantu abanethonya futhi wakuthola yizicukuthwane babekwazi lisungule workshop. "Umphostoli" esisha esashicilelwa kuleli dolobha. Nakuba bendawo kanye nesidingo bafundile, indlu yokunyathelisa ngokushesha zonakale.

Esethulweni imikhiqizo ukuthi engunyaza phesheya, Ivan Fedorov evezwe abafundi ncwadi ukushushiswa amaphrinta kusuka isonto eMoscow.

"Primer"

On umbuzo ngubani Ivan Fedorov, akunakwenzeka ukuba anikeze impendulo-izwi elilodwa. Lo muntu ecacile isikhathi wakhe, ungumdali umbhalo Russian, umshicileli incwadi yokuqala. I ajwayelekile "Primer" wabona sibonga ukukhanya kulesi ungumuntu ohamba phambili kunabo.

Ungakha i incazelo silinganisiwe Ivan Fedorov ngesisekelo idatha zomlando kanye izikhumbuzo of ubuciko Russian kokunyathelisa. Wayeyindoda emangalisayo abazikhandlayo futhi bayaphikelela. Kuze ezinsukwini zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe lalihlala imisebenzi asebenzayo, hhayi nje kuphela ilungiselelo ukuphrinta njalo, ngisho waklama lempi waphonsa isibhamu sangempela. Ngeshwa, izinhlelo zakhe asizange sigcwaliseke ngenxa ngokufa okuzumayo.

ejele

workshop Kugcine Fedorova kwaba ejele edolobheni. Ekuhleleni lokhu wokunyathelisa ukumsiza kwaba isikhulu sendawo, ogama yokuhlala ayedume ukuba County isikhungo kwezamasiko kanye nezemfundo. imibhoshongo ephakeme ibekelwe workshop ncwadi abanyathelisi, isendaweni lomfula. Lapha, inkosi ephethwe ukushicilela izincwadi engaba mihlanu. Eyokuqala Eastern Slavic Bible yayihloselwe ukuba zokugcina futhi ngobukhulu Russian ukushicilela iphayona. Ukusakazwa kwalo kudlulwe amakhophi ayinkulungwane, ngaleso sikhathi waba nesandla kakhulu.

Ekulungiseleleni izinhlelo iBhayibheli, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "Lase-Ostrog", kwaba okwenza nokuboniswa izinhlamvu okwethulwa amafonti ezintsha eziyisihlanu. Kwaba namaphutha amaningi eziqukethwe ikhophi ngokuthumela Ivanom Groznym, ukubambezela yonke inqubo yokudala le ncwadi. Ukuhlela nozakwabo edingekayo ngezinye izilimi.

Naphezu kokuthi lwakhe olungevinjwe nokukhuthala Amazing, iphayona ukushicilela Russian wafa ngobumpofu. Wembelwa kwelinye izwe, futhi ngemva kokufa, lifakwe itshe elibhalwe nge ithuna lakhe amabili eminyaka wanyamalala.