Ngubani imeya umabhalane?

Zemsky induna - isihloko sokuqala, okuyinto waziwa endaweni Russia kusukela ngekhulu le-16. Ukuvela lolu hlobo izikhulu exhumene ngokuqondile kabusha kohulumeni basekhaya. ukuqhubeka kwalezi zikhungo Ihlanganisa zamalungelo neembopho abadala Zemsky abaqhubeka isebenze kuze 1917. Naphezu kwakho konke imizamo liberalizirvoat neziphathimandla zendawo, bona basazama ngendlela endala. Kungani kwenzekile? Zama ukuqonda.

Rus lasendulo

Lokhu okuthunyelwe kuyaziwa kusukela ezinsukwini Kievan Rus. Nakuba asebenzayo abadala yasemakhaya, zingabantu efanayo izinceku kwesikhulu kanye nezinceku ezithembekile, aqokwe Prince noma abalandeli bakhe abaseduze ukuqondisa amakilasi aphansi. Imithetho Yaroslava Mudrogo zishiyelwe kubadala yasemakhaya futhi rataynye. Esokuqala siphathelene lebantfu basemaphandleni izigodi kwesikhulu, ukuphikisana adiliza, umbango, izintela eziqoqiwe. Lesi sakamuva ayephethe nezindaba umhlaba, ukuphikisana ngemisebe umphakathi namazwe patrimonial, assorted impahla iziyaluyalu. Kamuva, Institute abaphezulu wathuthela ensimini ka ababusi esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga.

Kuhlelwa kabusha ku-internet Ivana Groznogo

Kwaphela isikhathi eside abadala labial nasemaphandleni babemiswa esinqumweni kokwesikhulu. Empeleni akunamthelela balapha, kungukuthi enikeziwe, abantu beza-indlela Tatar Ukuhlasela: yagibela, eqoqwe, uyasuswa. Yize eyaliwe ukuba zigcine ukuhleleka ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zaleli emazweni isiRashiya, imisebenzi yabo abayenzayo ngokungathandi. kobushiqela ezinkulukazi nenkohlakalo lanqoba yonke indawo, futhi wayengekho potentates wendawo noma umkhandlu, noma aphakeme. Kwathatha intando yensimbi ngombusi oyedwa ukuphula ohlelweni olukhona kanye ukuthuthukisa isimiso esisha ukusebenza ekuphathweni wendawo.

Phakathi nokubusa Ivana Groznogo kwakukhona esiphuthumayo kabusha ngokuphelele isistimu yokuphatha isimo Russian. Isethi ezivamile imithetho, kuboshelwe emikhankasweni yezombusazwe, unikezwa igama kabusha uhulumeni wendawo. Isizathu esiyinhloko nesenzakalo yabo kwaba isidingo ukuchitha yokudla okuthiwa - i esifuze zakudala bezikhathi zasendulo, okwakunginika izivakashi izikhulu ilungelo lokuphila engenayo (ie okuphakelayo) endaweni ethile. Esikhundleni imisebenzi elindeleke zemvelo yethulwa uhlelo ngezimali kanye cash flow is silawulwa ngokuqondile isimo.

Stoglavy Cathedral

Ngo 1551 Stoglavy umkhandlu wanikeza ukukhanya green ukuqaliswa kwe County ogunyaziwe izitifiketi, owawuthi ezaqedwa ngokuphelele isikhungo lamaphini. Kunalokho ezimiswe kuwo wonke amagumbi isimo Russian baba zendawo bakhethwe Zemsky induna. Isinqumo wobukhosi 1555 wayala ukukhansela bondliwe futhi wenze izinqumo kuziphathimandla. Izizinda ebaluleke kakhulu iziphathimandla zendawo aqala Zemsky lwamakholi maqhugwane, emele ngqongqotshe. ngilunge ngokugcwele zokwahlulela uhlelo yokulawula, kanye asebenzayo abadala yasemakhaya ngaphansi Ivan le Kubi banikezwe amalungelo entsha kanye namandla.

Abadala Umsebenzi Zemsky

Ukuguqula iziphathimandla zendawo washintsha ngokuphelele iphrofayli kohlelo zokuphatha yombuso Russian. Zemsky induna waqala anhlobonhlobo amandla. Ngo kwakhe kwakungo ezinkantolo zendawo, ukuqonda izimo hhayi kuphela yomphakathi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukwephulwa encane lobugebengu yomthetho. Ikakhulukazi ephezulu iphrofayela amacala asebenzelana ngokwehlukile. Umdala owayehilelekile izinkinga okusalungiswa labantu, ukulawula amakilasi aphansi kanye nokuqoqwa kwentela. Uhlobo eyinhloko yentela "isihe pososhnoy", okuyinto kwakufanele bakhokhe lonke kwakunabantu besilisa abadala bakuleli zwe. Le mali ubuyisela namestnichy yisikhathi. Imali ageleza ngqo yomcebo yasebukhosini, futhi ukusuka lapho ukukhokha imali yesondlo ukuba iziphathimandla zendawo kanye bamabhuku ngokuvakashela.

Zemsky umdala wema ngasemnyango ikhanda Zemsky lwamakholi maqhugwane. Wasebenzelana izinkinga ukusetshenziswa umhlaba ngokuhlanganyela, okufakwe intela, ukuqoqwa kanye nokusatshalaliswa izintela kahulumeni futhi zenze neminye imisebenzi. Uma ngasizathu simbe, induna labial akazange enze imisebenzi yakhe noma awuzange akhethwe, futhi lezi imisebenzi kungumsebenzi lwekhanda Zemsky lwamakholi maqhugwane. Kulokhu, lo mdala umabhalane baqondisa amaphoyisa yomphakathi, elawulwa operation zemskih sudeek, onobhala zemskih futhi Tselovalnikov.

Ukhetho nokulawula

Lomuntfu lesi sikhundla omkhulu bakhethwa hlangana abendawo ezinethonya kunazo nezicebi. Nge isethi kahle izimo wayezimisele ukuba izikhulu umsebenzi yenhloko-dolobha, futhi boyars. Yiqiniso, izicukuthwane eziningi ezincane wafuna ukwenza lo msebenzi. Zemsky induna wakhethwa endaweni, futhi ngqo abangaphansi umyalo emaphakathi, ophethe izifunda eziseduze. Isikhathi kokubusa kwakhe wawuqala eyodwa iminyaka emibili. Kanye kabusha ukhetho ibilokhu olubukeziwe lonke isimo Zemsky lwamakholi maqhugwane. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke Zemsky induna Wayengubani u-Alexander Minin.

Ngo-1699, Zemsky lwamakholi maqhugwane iyefana emikhandlwini yendawo amadolobha amancane European. induna Zemsky waba yiMeya nge ukunwetshwa abalulekile uhla yemfanelo yayo. Kodwa ezindaweni ezisemaphandleni Russian Empire, ifomu endala kahulumeni wasekhaya lapho bese. Enye kabusha izikhungo zikahulumeni wendawo ayichitha 1719.

kabusha yesifundazwe

Izinguquko kuhulumeni esimaphakathi emakhulwini amabili (kusukela 16 kuya ekhulwini le-18.) Ingabe Zazibonisa gqwa-non-system uhlamvu. UPetru wazama ukunikeza abaphathi obukhulu Russian zinhlobo ophucukile European. Yiqiniso, akekho lapho nokwaneliswa le-European iziphathimandla zendawo kunalokho kungekhona alingise uhlelo Swedish kahulumeni, kodwa eqinisweni bonke amandla wayesalokhu bagxila ezandleni ezimiswe yenkosi. kubonakale kubadala Labial nasemaphandleni owakhethwa emhlabathini, kodwa ukuvuma nabo isikhundla edingekayo isimemezelo ahlukene yenkosi.

Kungani akusebenzanga?

ohulumeni City ngilunge imodeli Swedish kodwa zemstvo yasemakhaya eqhugwaneni ngokungathandi ayithelanga ezintsha. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokungabi bikho sabantu abafundile izigodi imikhawulo elawula akuvunyelwe ukuba sesikhundleni yokukhetha ubuholi ekilasini okusalungiswa. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzi ukuze iziphathimandla ezintsha zasendaweni zithathelwe onobhala ubudala futhi Podyachev, ababengeke bakwazi futhi awukwazi kabusha umsebenti wayo iphethini leniketiwe. Ngakho-ke, kabusha kukaPetru wendawo ukuzibusa akazange sifeze imisebenzi zawo ezingcono, waba kuphela okwenza autocratic inkululeko ezikhona European.