EByzantium: Umlando nokuwa

UMbuso WaseRoma, omunye komkhulu lasendulo zokwakheka isimo, ekhulwini lokuqala kule nkathi yethu zabhuntsha. izizwe eziningi, esigabeni engezansi impucuko, owaqothula ingxenye enkulu yefa zezwe lasendulo. Kodwa Lomuzi Waphakade awuzange kumiselwe abantu ukuba bafe: ke lavuselelwa loMfula i-Bosphorus neminyaka eminingi ababephila ngesikhathi amazed nge lisebukhazikhazini balo.

Rome yesibili

Umlando nesenzakalo of Byzantium libhekisela Maphakathi nekhulu III, lapho uMbusi waseRoma baba Flaviy Valery Avreliy Konstantin, Constantine I (Elikhulu). Ngaleso sikhathi isimo wamaRoma wayebizwa ezikhungethwe yizingxabano yangaphakathi futhi ukugqashuka izitha wangaphandle. Isimo ezisempumalanga nenhlanhla kakhulu, futhi uConstantine banquma ukuthuthela inhlokodolobha ku omunye wabo. Ngo-324, ogwini ukwakhiwa Bosphorus waseConstantinople zaqala ukuhlasela, kwathi ngo-330, lapho kwenziwa isaziso iRoma entsha.

Kusukela ekuqaleni ukhona woMbuso WaseByzantium, elinomlando eminyaka nanye.

Yiqiniso, cishe noma isiphi isimo imingcele esitebeleni awazange okuxoxwe ngaleso sikhathi. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe isikhathi eside, amandla waseConstantinople zibuthaka, ke ululama amandla.

UJustinian futhi Theodora

Ngezindlela eziningi, mayelana nesimo sezindaba kuleli zwe kwakuxhomeke izimfanelo siqu nasekuhlaseleni kombusi walo, okuyinto ngokuvamile kuyisici sobuntu uthi ohlanga ngokuphelele, elalingelamaFilisti waseByzantium. Umlando sokuthuthuka kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa igama uMbusi uJustinian I nomkakhe, iNdlovukazi Theodora (527-565.) - abesifazane kakhulu kwevamile futhi ngokusobala ukuthi unesiphiwo kakhulu.

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-umbuso V leminyaka yaphenduka isimo encane eMedithera, futhi lo mbusi omusha kwaba behlanyiswa umbono ngivuselele inkazimulo yangaphambili: wanqoba ingxenye enkulu yensimu eNtshonalanga, usezuze ukuthula isihlobo yasePheresiya eMpumalanga.

Umlando isiko WaseByzantium kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa kwenkathi wokubusa uJustinian. Kuyinto ngenxa ayebanakekela namuhla kukhona ezikhumbuzo bokwakha lasendulo, njengoba mosque Hagia Sofia e Istanbul, noma iSonto San Vitale e Ravenna. Enye impumelelo enhle kakhulu isazi-mlando umbusi ukholelwa ukuthi nokuqoshwa yomthetho waseRoma, elaba isisekelo se-ezomthetho emazweni amaningi aseYurophu.

mores medieval

izimpi Ukwakhiwa kanye engapheli kudingeka izindleko ezinkulu. UMbusi bangaphezi ukukhulisa intela. Umphakathi lalikhulela ukunganeliseki. Ngo-January 532, phakathi nesenzakalo kombusi phezu Hippodrome (i Analogue of eColiseum, owawukwazi ukuthwala abantu abayizinkulungwane 100. Abantu), iziyaluyalu kwagqashuka lakhula laba uthuli emikhulu. It ephethwe ukuze ayodambisa ukuvukela nesihluku engakaze ibonwe: lezi zihlubuki wathonyelwa ukuba eze Hippodrome, sengathi izingxoxo ke ikhiyiwe esangweni babulala wonke umuntu oyedwa.

Prokopiy Kessariysky ibika ukuba kufe abantu abayizinkulungwane 30. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umqhele kombusi igcinwe umkakhe Theodora, wayehleli uyaqiniseka uJustinian walungela ukubaleka ukuqhubeka ukulwa, ethi nguye ukufa ukubaleka, "amandla bobukhosi -. A indwangu enhle"

Ngo 565, lo mbuso kufakwe izingxenye Syria, aseBalkan, Italy, Greece, Palestine, e-Asia Minor futhi ugu olusenyakatho ye-Afrika. Kodwa izimpi engapheli abathintekayo isimo ezweni kubathinta. Ngemva kokufa uJustinian emngceleni yabuye yaqala shwabanisa.

"Renaissance Macedonian"

I 867 wafika amandla Vasily mina, umsunguli we lwamakhosi Macedonian, okuyinto yayikhona kuze 1054. Lokhu mlando inkathi ngokuthi "Renaissance Macedonian" futhi kubhekwa izimbali eliphezulu kakhulu isimo ephakathi nezwe, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyinhloko-yoMbuso WaseByzantium.

Umlando ukunwetshwa yimpumelelo kwamasiko nenkolo ka Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma, eyaziwa kahle kubo bonke States eziseMpumalanga Yurophu: esinye sezici isici iningi inqubomgomo angaphandle waseConstantinople wayeyisithunywa sevangeli. Kuyinto ngenxa yethonya yoMbuso WaseByzantium eMpumalanga kwasakazekela kubantu egatsheni zobuKristu,, ngemva uqhekeko isonto e 1054 baba yenkolelo.

inhlokodolobha European lamasiko ezwe

Ubuciko Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma ihlobene eduze inkolo. Ngeshwa, phakathi namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva elite kwezombusazwe nakwezenkolo ayengakwazi ukuvumelana ukuthi nokukhulekelwa kwezithombe ezingcwele zokukhonza izithombe (le nhlangano yaphoqeleka ngokuthi iconoclasm). Ngo inqubo lenqwaba eziqoshiwe akudala futhi yamatshe kwabhujiswa.

Kakhulu ubophekile indaba Empire Ubuciko eByzantium kulo ukhona, kwaba uhlobo umqaphi isiko lasendulo futhi kwaholela ekusakazekeni kwezincwadi yamaGreki asendulo e-Italy. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi khona okusha eRoma kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka Renaissance.

Phakathi nokubusa lwamakhosi Macedonian yoMbuso WaseByzantium ephethwe iwukudambisa izitha emibili eyinhloko isimo: Arabhu empumalanga, futhi Bulgaria enyakatho. Umlando phezu ukunqoba wokugcina iyamangalisa. Ngenxa ukugasela isitha umbusi Basil II wakwazi uthwebule iziboshwa 14,000. Watshelwa kuwaphuphuthekise, kusale nelihlo elilodwa njalo wokuhamba, bese uyayekela zabantu efile ekhaya. Ukubona nebutho lakhe abayizimpumputhe, isiBulgaria Tsar Samuil unhlangothi nga which he asizange sitholakale. mores Medieval babe ngempela ezinzima.

Ngemva kokufa Basil II, ummeleli wokugcina lwamakhosi Macedonian, indaba yokuwa eByzantium waqala.

Ukuprakthiza ngasekupheleni

Ngo 1204, waseConstantinople lokuqala umaluju ngaphansi ukuhlaselwa onke esitha; uthukuthele umkhankaso akuphumelelanga ku "ezweni lesithembiso", le Crusaders bangena emzini, ememezela ukusungulwa kwe-Empire Latin futhi amazwe WaseByzantium yahlukaniswa phakathi kwezicebi French.

imfundo okusha yayikhona eside: 51 Julayi 1261 ngaphandle kokulwa wathatha waseConstantinople Michael VIII Palaeologus, owamemezela ukuvuselelwa Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma. Wasungula lwamakhosi WaseByzantium wabusa kuze ukuwa kwayo, kodwa ibhodi kwaba kuhle ezidabukisayo. Ekupheleni bababusi saphila kusukela Genoese futhi abathengisi Venetian, ngisho ngokwemvelo inkunzi esontweni futhi abe nendawo yakhe yangasese.

Kokuwa kweConstantinople

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIV kusukela ezindaweni zakuqala kuphela waseConstantinople, Thessaloniki nabancane, umphakathi wakule ndawo wawuhlukaniswe ehlakazekile waseningizimu yeGreece. Imizamo angakhuluma umbusi wokugcina waseRoma WaseByzantium Manuel II acele ukwesekwa lwebutho eNtshonalanga Yurophu abaphumelelanga. Meyi 29, 1453, waseConstantinople incotjwa okwesibili nesibongo.

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II uqambe Istanbul emzini nasethempelini Christian esemqoka yedolobha, Cathedral of St UZandile waba mosque. Nge ukunyamalala inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseByzantium wanyamalala, umlando isimo enamandla kakhulu medieval wayeka phakade.

EByzantium, waseConstantinople naseNew eRoma

Kuyiqiniso ukwazi ukuthi igama "uMbuso WaseByzantium" kwavela ngemva kokuwa yayo: okokuqala kwenzeka Ieronima Volfa cwaningo kakade 1557. Kwakubhapathizwa igama lalowo muzi waseByzantium, waseConstantinople, kusayithi elakhiwa. Izakhamuzi walibiza akagcini nje ngokuba umbuso wamaRoma futhi yena - Roma (Romeo).

Ithonya kwamasiko yoMbuso WaseByzantium emazweni East European ayikwazi overestimated. Nokho, usosayensi wokuqala Russian umuntu owaqala ukufundelwa lesi isimo ephakathi, kwaba Yu. A. Kulakovsky. "Umlando waseByzantium" imiqulu emithathu yanyatheliswa kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili futhi zeza ukuzobika ngaleso senzakalo nge 359 ka 717 ngonyaka. Kule minyaka embalwa neminyaka yokuphila, ososayensi zilungele ukushicilela ivolumu wesine imisebenzi, kodwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe lo mbhalo wesandla ukuthola kwakungenakwenzeka ngo-1919.