Kuyini izinganekwane. Izinganekwane zasendulo, Antique, Roman, WaseGrisi wasendulo

Ngo ezinganekwaneni zasendulo abantu ukuveza imibono yabo mayelana nezwe, bakholwa ukuthi ukhona Olympus, wasezulwini kanye umbuso ngomshoshaphansi. zamaGreki yasendulo ilandisa umsuka onkulunkulu nabantu abaningi ngokucace. AmaGreki wagcina amakhulu zinganekwane mayelana nendlela heroes kwamasiko abazalwanga lokho odumile? futhi kanjani umchilo isiphetho sabo.

Kuyini izinganekwane? Umqondo wonkulunkulu namaqhawe

Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi igama lesiGreki "inganekwane" lisho ukuthi "indaba". Lokhu sigaba zingafaka zamaqhawe onkulunkulu, amaqhawe kanye okuxhaphaza zemvelo. Inganekwane waqonda njengoba ngokoqobo ayidlulisele ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Kungaba wagomela ukuthi ungomunye amafomu endala ka temdzabu.

Inganekwane kwaba umphumela inganekwane ekwenziweni: lonke bemvelo zomhlaba yakhiwa izidalwa ezihlakaniphile ezakha umphakathi. YamaGreki asendulo fetishirovali eziphathekako namabutho, waphefumulela kubo. Emhlabeni ofuna ukuphumela obala, ngalokho uzithela indoda okuthiwa ashiwo lwamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo. onkulunkulu bamaGreki babe laba balobi abakuloba. Babefanele ukubukeka nolwazi lomuntu imilingo, ungashintsha ukuma babe ongafi. Njengabantu, onkulunkulu wenziwa imigilingwane, wanqoba futhi bathembele kangako Uma unganakile, izinto - nonkulunkulukazi ezintathu ukudalelwa. Moira enquma isiphetho ngamunye ukuba owakhileyo esabasezulwini nesabasemhlabeni, ngakho akazange alinge phikisana them, ngisho uZeyusi.

Insumansumane kuhlukile inkolo?

Zonke izizwe zasendulo, kuhlanganise ngesiGreki namaRoma, sengidlulile esigabeni ka fetishism izithombe. Ekuqaleni, isihloko hlonipho kungaba imikhiqizo bokhuni sensimbi, okuyinto ngokushesha waqala ukuba azitholele lamatshwayo yaphezulu, kodwa emifanekisweni zazisekhona edwaleni eliyinyabule ngaphandle umphefumulo, futhi amandla omlingo.

Mythology and inkolo - imiqondo zifana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukukhomba umehluko kuzo, kusukela yesibili iyingxenye ingxenye yokuqala. Izinkolo eziningi kazwelonke ayakhulekelwa nezidalwa laba balobi abakuloba benawo amandla kwemvelo - kuba onkulunkulu, ogama ukwehluka kungabonwa emasikweni Roman nesiGreki. Ukuba khona lwanoma iyiphi inkolo awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela izinganekwane. Heroes impi, ukushada, sakhe kabusha inzalo - konke lokhu kwenzeka iqhaza mandla noma enze imilingo. Ngesikhathi lapho inganekwane uzama ukuchaza izenzakalo kwemvelo, uqala ukuthola Umbala zenkolo.

izinganekwane sidilizwa njengoba sonke arsenal of isiko emhlabeni

Fridrih Engels wagomela ukuthi ngaphandle namathonya isiGreki wamaRoma ayengeke kungekho eYurophu namuhla. Imvuselelo enkulu yefa yamaGreki asendulo aqala esikhathini Renaissance, lapho abalobi, abaklami abaculi waphinda waqala ukuthatha oluvela izindaba Hellenic legends wamaRoma. Namuhla eminyuziyamu emhlabeni wonke ethulwa izivakashi eziqoshiwe ngokubabazekayo wonkulunkulu ezinye izidalwa, kodwa izithombe engase ikusho isikhashana esithile isenzakalo esibalulekile. Isihloko "izinganekwane" futhi abalobi nesithakazelo kule "Golden Age." Ukuze endulo afinyelelwe Pushkin futhi Derzhavin, kuphela ukubonisa imicabango yabo, abazange sebenzisa ibhulashi ngopende kanye izwi.

Okuxakayo ukuthi la izinganekwane ezizwe ngesiGreki namaRoma kwakheka isisekelo izwe yesiko, ngisho nangemva eminyaka amaningi kangaka. Umuntu namuhla has a nombono ohlukile ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba, Nokho, asiyeki ubheke imibono lasendulo futhi ujabulele ukuhlola emagugu emasiko yezinsuku ubudala. Inganekwane umzamo wokuqala ukuchaza yonke, futhi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka usezuze umuntu othanda inkolo, futhi uhlamvu yobuhle. Izimfanelo abalingiswa nokuboniswe "Odyssey" futhi "Iliad" nokuheha amadoda lanamuhla futhi abesifazane ozama imvelo nobuhle ukuze sifane Venus, Aphrodite, uDiana. Ngeshwa, abantu abaningi abanaso unamathisele ukubaluleka kanjani ukuba babe yingxenye yalowo inganekwane futhi izinganekwane empilweni yomuntu yesimanje. Kodwa badlala indima enkulu e empucukweni yomhlaba.

Umsuka wegama Umhlaba

izinganekwane oMdala kwamaGreki namaRoma is abatelekile okwakhe yayo. Abaningi namanje ngizibuza indlela abantu zazingasameleli ezweni ngobuciko - futhi mhlawumbe kwaba zonke ngempela? Ekuqaleni kwakukhona Chaos, kusukela obekukhona kuwo Gaia - Earth. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona Eros (Love), Erebus (ebumnyameni) kanye Nyukta (ubusuku). EThartharusi wazalwa komhlaba - indawo tshwala lapho izoni ethunyelwe ngemva kokufa. Kusukela ebumnyameni basebusuku wathatha Etere (ukukhanya) kanye Hemera (Usuku). Umhlaba wabeletha Uranus (esibhakabhakeni), owashada wakhe futhi sired Titans eziyisithupha owanika izwe imifula, unkulunkulukazi ulwandle, ilanga, inyanga, umoya. Manje emhlabeni kwakukhona zonke izici, futhi abantu abazange bazi usizi nje kwakukhona izidalwa okubi. Umhlaba uye eyaqanjwa Cyclopes ezintathu, okwakwenza nomona Uranus ebumnyameni, Jr. ngegama Krohn ngaphuma wathatha amandla kayise. indodana Ahlubukayo ayikwazanga ayekwe angajeziswa, futhi kuzokwenzekani njengoba legend uya. Nonkulunkulukazi onkulunkulu, ogama lakhe lalingu-Ukufa, Izingxabano, nenkohliso, ukubhujiswa, Ukulala Kanye Impindiselo, ngokuba icala azalelwa Nyuktoy. Futhi kwakukhona izwe lasendulo, ngokuvumelana imibono ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo. Chaos inzalo wahlala eHayidese, futhi izwe, futhi ngamunye wabo wayenomsebenzi injongo yawo.

onkulunkulu zamaGreki

inkolo sidilizwa ihlukile kakhulu kusukela namhlanje, futhi uma namuhla abamele izinkolo ezinkulu ezine ukukholelwa ukuthi ukhona uMdali eyodwa kuphela, kodwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa nje edlule, abantu, wayenombono ohlukile. AmaGreki ayekholelwa ukuthi onkulunkulu wahlala phezu engcwele INtaba i-Olympus. Ngasinye sasinobuso ukubukeka nenjongo yawo. Mythology of Ancient Greece imelelwa onkulunkulu ezinkulu nambili.

onkulunkulu bamaRoma

It bezilokhu kuthathwa njengesibikezelo zamaGreki imodeli. Goddess amaRoma ayenamagama yawo yangempela futhi injongo, futhi lokho lapho indaba igcina khona. Abantu musa beveza ezinganekwaneni ezintsha kanye izindaba wathatha njengesisekelo amaGreki, ngoba art yabo babukhanya ngaphezulu futhi ezimibalabala. isiko lamaRoma wayenothile kancane, izikhathi eziningi kangaka lathathwa ifa Hellenic.

Okuwukuphela kwesizathu esenza amaRoma babe ephakeme unkulunkulu Jupiter nomkakhe - Juno. Wawuzoba imisebenzi efanayo e zamaGreki. wazo Marine - Neptune, kanye umvikeli we le - Vesta. Nkulunkulu eHayidese, Pluto kwaba, njengoba induna yempi - Mars. Analogue Roman yase-Athene yayiyinqaba Minerva, inkomba enhle - Phoebus, nodadewabo kwathinta Diana kwaba ihlathi lady. Venus - unkulunkulukazi wothando, azalwe Foam. Mercury ukubukelwa by abahambi nokusiza abantu ukuhweba. Umuntu osebenza ngensimbi Vulcan kwaba analogu ongumRoma Hephaestus. Ngakho, nakuba la izinganekwane saseRoma ngokuzalwa futhi singcolile ukuba empofu, inani onkulunkulu kwaba okufanayo njengoba ukuthi amaGreki.

umsebenzi Sisyphean, uvalo nezinye

Kuba umuntu ngokusebenzisa amazwi ezimibalabala, amayunithi phraseological futhi kusho yokukhuluma wobuciko. izinganekwane yasendulo yaziwa wazizwa hhayi kuphela e isitayela okusezingeni eliphezulu tetemibhalo, kodwa futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Ekhuluma umsebenzi ngokweqile futhi engenamsebenzi, abantu ngokuvamile isebenzisa isisho "umsebenzi Sisyphean", ngisho ngaphandle kokukhuluma etymology yayo, kuyilapho ibinzana waqala endulo. Ngenxa yokungalaleli onkulunkulu indodana Aeolus Enarety yena wayejeziswa kanzima. Zeminyaka Sisyphus kufanele gingqelani itshe elikhulu ngomqanso, okuphakama kwawo zingeqedwe, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba niyiqede ezandleni ngeshwa - njengoba imbokodo wathanda ukuyishaya ngezifo.

Ngenxa yokwethuka ngokuqinisekile wazibonela ngamunye wethu okungenani kanye empilweni yakho, futhi le nkulumo esikukweleta unkulunkulu Pan nge ukubukeka fancy yomuntu imbuzi imilenze. kwakhe kungazelelwe iziteleka isidalwa ukwesaba e izihambi, kodwa uhleko lwakhe eliyingozi eba yiqhwa emithanjeni yakhe egazini. Futhi ukubonakaliswa 'uvalo "kusho ukwesaba okuthile ofuna ukuphumela obala.

Tantalus - onkulunkulu obuqili ngesiGreki ozama ukuntshontsha kusukela itafula elinokudla wabo omangalisayo bese wabelana ngayo abantu, ngoba yena wayejeziswa kanzima. Dabukisa waphonswa esihogweni, futhi bekhathele beyingcuba ngenxa ukoma, akakwazanga ukudakwa ngoba wayengumuntu afinyelela entanyeni emanzini. Wayengavamile umlomo - uketshezi iphele. Futhi uvele isisho "kujabulisa".

Abantu abazi ukuthi izinganekwane ngokwabo abavuma ukubukisa ingqondo, ukusebenzisa inkulumo yakhe Izaga ezithakazelisayo. Ngo Homer yakhe ebonga amaqhawe abazinikezele amavesi amaningi ukuchaza uhleko ngokuphahluka wonkulunkulu. Omkhulu ngokuvamile abavuma ukuba idlale okuthile goofy futhi bengakufanelekeli, kuyilapho waklolodelwa amandla egcwele. Ngakho wazalwa inkulumo ethi "uhleko Homeric".

izingqikithi aphathelene nezinganekwane e izincwadi Emakhulwini eminyaka amuva

Fair ukusho ngethonya zesiko classical ku izinkondlo Russian. Ukuze ifa lasendulo ngesiGreki kuyaye kuvele Alexander Pushkin, futhi inoveli yakhe evesini "Eugene Onegin", ungakwazi susa eziningi mavesi, eyayinesihloko amagama kaZeyusi, Juvenal, Circe, Terpsichore, Flora futhi abanye onkulunkulu. Ngezinye izikhathi ungase uthole amazwi ngabanye noma izinkulumo lonke yalotshwa ngesiGreki. Le nqubo kuyinto efanele ngisho ezikhathini zanamuhla, futhi ngokuvamile izintatheli, osopolitiki nezinye izibalo abanethonya uthanda ukukhuluma e aphorisms. C`est La Vie umsindo kakhulu onesizotha okungaphezu kokumane "lokho ukuphila" kanye nencwadi, umusho igcwaliswe Vale et kimi noma uthola value kakhudlwana futhi yokucabanga ukujula. By the way, hero of the inoveli by Pushkin yena ayethanda ukuqedela lomlayeto umusho ngesiGreki.

imbongi Russian Osip Mandelstam wayazi ukuthi onjalo izinganekwane, futhi Luhambo zakhe zasendulo owaqala ngokuvukela iqoqo lokuqala "Stone". Ezinkondlweni izithombe ebonakalayo Erebus, Odyssey, uHomer sika, futhi ibuye ibe Golden Fleece. Inkondlo silentium!, Okuyinto elihunyushwe esuka Latin kusho "ukuthula" kubangela isithakazelo yomfundi ngu kakhulu igama layo. I Heroine in umbhalo lyrical - unkulunkulukazi u-Aphrodite, okuyinto Mandelstam izingcingo ahlale Foam kolwandle.

Umsunguli Russian kufanekisa Valeriy Bryusov uyaqaphela ukuthi "IRoma abaseduze" kuye, izinganekwane Roman ngakho ngokuvamile livela imigqa yakhe senkondlo. Esikhathini imisebenzi uthi Agamemnon, Orpheus, Amphitryon, i-Orion igubha ubuhle Aphrodite, futhi uyambuza ukuthatha leli vesi; Libhekisela unkulunkulu Eros uthando.

UGavrilă Derzhavin obala sigudluke LamaRoma imbongi uHorace ODE "Ukuze Melpomene". Umqondo oyinhloko le nkondlo "Isikhumbuzo" - nephakade yefa asankondlo ukuqashelwa umsebenzi wakhe. A kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa kamuva Aleksandr Pushkin wabhala umsebenzi kwegama ofanayo nasendleleni epigraph libhekisela eRoma. Exegi monumentum lihunyushwe lisuselwa Latin lisho ukuthi "ngiyoba Simisé isikhumbuzo." Ngakho, isihloko ukungafi kwembulwa izimbongi ezintathu ezinkulu: UHorace, Derzhavin futhi Pushkin. Geniuses ukufakazela ukuthi izincwadi kanye izinganekwane kungaba babambisane ezikhona, futhi ngenxa inyunyana yabo bazalwa umkhiqizo enkulu.

Ubuciko izakhiwo endabeni izinganekwane

Peter Sokolov Ukudweba "Daedalus, Icarus amaphiko Imodemu" kubhekwa phezulu ezobuciko, kaningi ngaphansi ukukopisha. Lo msebenzi wawubhekwa abhalwe 1777 futhi namuhla ichonywe Tretyakov Igalari. Umdwebi umxhwele legend of the omkhulu umqophi Athene Daedalus, ngubani kanye nendodana yakhe Icarus wayeboshiwe nombhoshongo ophakeme. Dodger ukulolongwa amaphiko kusukela izimpaphe wax, futhi inkululeko kwakubonakala eduze kakade ... Icarus landizela okusezingeni eliphezulu elangeni - ukukhanya Awube indiza yakhe, kanye Wawa futhi ikhubazekile.

Hermitage indwangu esiyingqayizivele asele ebalulekile ngemva uyahlanya wathela kuwo wagwazwa acid. Kuyinto "enikezwa" - Umdwebo we Rembrandt. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabo indwangu okulimele, kanye nokubuyiselwa kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-nambili. Kusukela izinganekwane kungatholakala ukuthi Danae wayeboshwe umbhoshongo kayise, lapho yokugcina wayekubikezele ukubhujiswa esandleni Perseus - indodana yendodakazi.

Antique izinganekwane isithakazelo kanye eziqoshiwe Russian, okuyinto njengoba impahla metal akhethiwe lo msebenzi. I ebaziwe ithusi "Marsyas" Feodosiya Schedrina kuveza iqhawe esilandelayo inganekwane yasendulo. Ihlathi satyr babonisa isibindi wanquma ukukhuluma Apollo imbangi ubuciko nomculo. flutist Bengathokozile ngenxa yolaka sasihlobene emthini, lapho alihlinza kuye.

Piazza della Signoria e Florence lihlotshiswe zemabula ebaziwe "Menelaus asekelayo emzimbeni Patroclus", wadala ngesisekelo esiqintini "The Iliad." Esifanekisweni wokuqala waqopha eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili edlule. Patroclus, kusukela kwesobunxele kuya empini Hector esikhundleni baka-Achilles, zake zabulawa, futhi Menelaus kunesithembiso umzimba wakhe ezingaphili ecabanga yokuziphindiselela. izinganekwane sidilizwa ngokuvamile nesithakazelo kule ukubaza njengoba ugqozi ndaba umuntu. Abadali akazange anqikaze ziveza Curves enhle yomzimba ungaphenduli sonke izingubo.

"The Odyssey" futhi "Iliad" njengoba esivelele izinganekwane classical

I lasendulo ngesiGreki yeqhawe imisebenzi kufundvwe ezikoleni kanye emayunivesithi, kanye nezinhlamvu kusenzo kubo, namanje waboleka abalobi ukudala izindaba nasezincwadini ziye. izinganekwane sidilizwa emelelwa inkondlo amaqhawe "The Odyssey" futhi "Iliad", okuyinto ubhekwa umdali zikaHomer. Wabhala imisebenzi yakhe e-8th ekhulwini BC, futhi emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva ezimbili kuphela alotshwa Athene engumashiqela Pisistratus, kodwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi basuke idluliselwe amaGreki ngomlomo. Umbango mayelana ubuqambi kwaphakama ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye nendumezulu zalotshelwa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, nawukuthi igama Homer sika ihumusha ngokuthi "abayizimpumputhe."

"Odyssey" utshela mayelana adventures Odysseus, owayeyisiboshwa we Nymph Calypso iminyaka eyishumi, ngemva kwalokho kuhlelwe ukuze ubuyele emuva ekhaya. Hero ubunzima kulindeleke: efika kulesi siqhingi lestrigonov amazimu futhi Cyclops, sintanta siqonde phakathi Scylla futhi Charybdis, sehlela eHayidese, kodwa ngokushesha babuyela Penelope yakhe ayithandayo, salinda ngokwethembeka kwayo yonke le minyaka, futhi enqaba bonke suitors.

"Iliad" - nendumezulu, ositshela mayelana iThrojani neMpi, esadaleka ngenxa lokwebiwa Princess Elena. Izenzo abathintekayo ne-Odyssey, okuyinto wethulwa umfundi ngesimo umbusi ngobuqili nakwezombusazwe, skilfully ubambe ubugagu. The hero eyinhloko nendumezulu - Achilles. Izimpi main elwiwa Hector, ngubani ekugcineni ufa ukufa enyantisayo.

Izinganekwane bezinye izizwe

ifa yamaGreki namaRoma iyona ocebile kakhulu futhi ezimibalabala, ngakho emlandweni isiko emhlabeni uthatha isikhundla ekuholeni. izinganekwane sidilizwa babukhona nakwa-kwezinye izizwe, futhi izindaba eziningi okwakuthandelene nomunye. Zonke izinto zokukhulekelwa lwamaSlav lasendulo, kuze 988 naholekela, abhubhise izikhulu owayefuna ukuhamba njengoba inkolo eyodwa, ubuKristu. It is ukuthi they were eziqoshiwe sokhuni Perun, Dazhdbog, Horsa ezaziwayo. Ngaphansi unkulunkulu abalulekile kuyinto analogue of the Nymphs isiGreki satyrs.

Egypt namanje indawo udumo izinganekwane. Onkulunkulu-Amoni, Anubis, Imhotep, Ra, u-Osiris kanye nabanye kuboniswe ezindongeni imibhoshongo nezinye amathempeli lasendulo. Namuhla, abantu abaningi abathi Islam nobuKristu kuleli zwe, kodwa ungazami kuqedwe iminonjana yenkolo yasendulo, kanye nokuzwelana nakumasiko.

Inganekwane iyona ngenxa yenkolo, izinkolelo zenkolo abantu encane noma enkulu wamanje nobuhlobo izifundo basezinganekwaneni. Izwe ngalinye Nordic inesiko layo ocebile, kubuye kube khona phakathi amaNdiya, abakhuluma iSpanishi, isi-Japanese, kwabaMhlophe, le Eskimo, amaFulentshi. Lokhu ifa idluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, ngomlomo noma ngokubhala.

Lapho afundela izinganekwane?

Thola nakumasiko abantu iqala junior esikoleni esiphakeme. ERussia, izingane baziswa Russian Folk yezinganekwane - kusukela "Bun" ukuze "Ivan Tsarevich kanye Gray Wolf". Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva uthisha uyabatshela tale Sharlya Perro kanye Brothers Grimm, futhi ngemva kokuphothula aphansi abafana esikoleni namantombazane siqale sifunde bokuba khona uthi lasendulo - IGrisi NeRoma. Izinganekwane kanye izinganekwane kufundvwe izincwadi nezinto zobuciko. Izingane bayofunda mayelana kwasekelwa izwe kusukela umbono ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo, simazi kangcono onkulunkulu ezinkulu namaqhawe. Ngemva kokufunda incwadi "Mythology. Libanga 6" Abafundi ukuzwisisa umehluko phakathi inganekwane futhi inganekwane, wazi futhi ukuthi izinkolo eziningi emhlabeni zisekelwe legend ezizwe lasendulo.

Esikhathini amakilasi omkhulu e izifundo izingane zenza imizamo yabo yokuqala ukwakha imidwebo eziqoshiwe Antique, ufunde izindaba zasendulo imidwebo abaculi ovelele. Kwezemfundo ephakeme, abafundi kolimi befunda izincwadi lasendulo futhi kabusha ukufunda izinganekwane, uyazi indima yabo ukwakheka empucukweni yomhlaba. Bona ngokuqiniseka ukunquma ukuthi onjalo izinganekwane, futhi ukuthi lihluke kanjani inkolo. Umqondo oyinhloko lezi eyala kuyinto esenzeka lesi sizukulwane esisha akazange azikhohlwe isiko lasendulo futhi ephethwe ulwazi agcwele engasetshenziswa empilweni nasenkolweni esizayo.