Mannerheim Line. Ukufohla we Mannerheim Line

Into, okuyinto ukuheha nesithakazelo esibukhali futhi njalo ezizukulwane eziningi zabantu, kuyinto iqoqo izithiyo zokuzivikela Mannerheim. Finnish umugqa ukuzivikela isendaweni Karelian Isthmus. Kuyinto eningi ezindlini ezingaphansi komhlaba, ezihamukile futhi uphosa iminonjana amagobolondo, imigqa itshe of tank izithiyo, imisele wemba anti-tank ngaseziseleni - walondoloza yonke kahle, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuye kwaba iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70.

I izimbangela zempi

Isizathu sokuba empini eU.SSR Finland kwaba nesidingo ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka komuzi kweLeningrad, njengoba kwakunjalo eduze komngcele Finnish. Ngobusuku obandulela ubuholi neMpi Yezwe Okwesibili Finnish wayekulungele ukunikeza insimu yalo ukuze zithuthukisa izitha eziningana zalo eSoviet Union, futhi ikakhulukazi - eJalimane kaHitler.

Iqiniso lokuthi Leningrad ngo-1931 wayiswa isimo emzini ukubaluleka kazwelonke, futhi ingxenye isihloko Insimu Leningrad City Council, kwaba ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi komngcele Finland. Yingakho ubuholi kweSoviet futhi uqale izingxoxo lizwe, umeme umngani wakho ukwabelana emazweni awo. UMkhandlu umema insimu kabili ezingaphezu kuka sithola. Isikhubekiso amalungiselelo wazibonakalisa ukhombe ecela eU.SSR ukubeka phezu kwenhlabathi Finnish elisekela yawo yezempi. Kodwa amaqembu akavumelananga, okwaholela ekuqaleni Soviet-Finnish, noma okuthiwa Winter War. Ukube bekungengenxa wakhe, Leningrad ngabe ethunjwa amabutho kaHitler namanje ekuqaleni ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe esikhaleni sezinsuku ezimbalwa nje.

prehistory

Umqondo "Mannerheim Line 'kubhekisela esenzakalweni esiyisimangaliso eziyinkimbinkimbi izinqaba zasemandulo, okuyinto wadlala indima ekulu empini Soviet-Finnish. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa esikhathini mhlaka-30 Novemba, 1939 mhlaka-13 Mashi, 1940.

Uma Finland ithola uzibuse, ngokushesha baqala ukucabanga ngokuqinisa kwemingcele yabo, futhi ekuqaleni kuka-1918, ukwakhiwa ngocingo oluhlabayo endaweni esikhathini esizayo esihle isihlangu lempi Mannerheim wethulwa. Umugqa ekugcineni evunyiwe 1920 futhi kuqala eyaziwa ngokuthi "umugqa Enkel 'behlonipha ukwakhiwa yayo wahola uMajor General O. L. Enkelya, ngaleso sikhathi owayese-Chief of Jikelele Abasebenzi. Umthuthukisi we izinqaba kwaba isikhulu French JJ Gross Kaussi, ethunyelwe laseFinland ukuze basize ukuqinisa imingcele kuleli zwe. Kodwa, okulandelayo kakade ngesikhathi emasikweni, izivikelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuvamile okuthiwa yokudumisa "abaphathi enkulu", ezifana Maginot Line noma uStalin. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ugweme ukudideka, lezi izithiyo ziye kabusha bese ogama lakhe behlonipha Commander kwezinhloko zamaviyo weRiphabhulikhi Finland noKarla Gustava Mannerheim, isikhulu zangaphambili ibutho Russian.

isihlangu Eqiniswe Finland

Mannerheim Line - umugqa yokuvikela 135 km, okuyinto ewela ngokuphelele yonke Karelian Isthmus - ezisuka eGulf of Finland neLake Ladoga. Kusukela West Military nokuxhumana lidlule ngokwengxenye flat futhi ngokwengxenye imbozwe amagquma ndawo, esehlanganise amavesi amaningi phakathi emachibini amancane emaxhaphozini. Empumalanga, emgqeni yayisekelwe uhlelo amanzi Vuoksinskie, zona ngokwazo kuyinto isithiyo sina. Ngakho, esikhathini kusuka 1920 kuya 1924 Finns ezakhiwa unomphela engaphezu kwekhulu ukufaka lempi.

Ekupheleni kuka-1927 kwaba sobala ukuthi izithiyo yokufakelwa Enckell izinga izakhiwo kanye izikhali ziphansi izivikelo Soviet, ngakho ukwakhiwa yabo limiswe. Esikhathini 30s futhi saqala ukwakhiwa eside izindawo. Zazakhiwe kancane, kodwa baye baba namandla futhi kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe ukuthola.

Esikhathini 30s zakuqala esikhundleni sokuba Usihlalo State Defense soMkhandlu esiqokwe Mannerheim. Ulayini kusukela baba eyakhelwe ayewengamele.

Izinqaba - pillboxes

Into ebaluleke kakhulu Ukulawula ukuzivikela strip ukukhonza ISIZINDA, eyayihlanganisa bunkers eziningana ukhonkolo (eliqinile le umlilo amaphuzu) futhi le ndlu (isigamu-umhlaba emplacements), umshini isibhamu izidleke, bunkers futhi isibhamu imisele. Ngokwe umugqa izinqaba ukuzivikela zafakwa Ukuboshelwa kakhulu, futhi ibanga elibahlukanisile ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ifinyelela 6-8 km.

Njengoba yaziwa, ukwakhiwa wezempi wathatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, ngakho ngesikhathi ukwakhiwa bunkers zihlukaniswe izizukulwane ezimbili. Eyokuqala kukhona emplacements isibhamu, ezakhiwe esikhathini kusuka 1920 kuya 1937, kanti owesibili - the 1938-39 isikhathi. Bunkers okuqondene isizukulwane sokuqala, - umphumela ube ukuqina kancane, elakhelwe ukulingana izibhamu 1-2 kuphela. Azizange ifakwe ngokwanele futhi akazange abe zokukhosela amasosha. I ukushuba we izindonga kakhonkolo nophahla akazange idlule 2 m. Kamuva, abaningi babo ngcono.

Isizukulwane sesibili sihlanganisa okubizwa ngokuthi yisigidi, njengoba izindleko zabo yokumlandela abantu Finnish e-1 million emamaki Finnish ngamunye. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange-7 enjalo isibhamu emplacements enamandla kwadingeka Mannerheim Line. Pillboxes abantu abangaba yisigidi babe lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu ngesikhathi kwagcizelela izakhiwo zikakhonkolo, ifakwe izintuba 4-6, 1-2 zazo inganono. Nengwenya kakhulu kanye bunkers enezivikelo eziqinile kakhulu babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli SJ-4 "Poppius" futhi SJ-5 "Millionaire".

Zonke pillboxes abangu ingabonakali ngokucophelela ngamathayi neqhwa, ngakho-ke kwakunzima kakhulu ukuthola, futhi ukuhlukanisa amaseli wabo ejele bebelokhu cishe kungenakwenzeka.

isikhukhula zone

Ngaphezu eziningana eside futhi ensimini izinqaba abangu Kucatshangwa futhi ngandlela-thile yokufakelwa uzamcolo esishintshashintshayo. Konke kubheduke okungazelelwe impi abanqanda ngokuphelele ukuqedela, kodwa amadamu amaningi kwakhiwa okwamanje. Basuke ezenziwe ngokhuni kanye izwe lemifudlana Tyueppelyanyoki (okwamanje Alexandrovka) kanye Rokkalanyoki (manje Gorokhovka). Idamu ngokuma letivakalako emfuleni Peronyoki (p. Perovka), kanye Plotinka encane ku Mayayoki futhi dam ku Sayyanyoki (manje esifundeni. Wolf).

antitank izithiyo

Njengoba kunentuthuko amathangi Soviet kwakwanele ngokwalo unxusa umbuzo indlela yokulwa nazo. ngocingo oluhlabayo, ngaphambili efakwe Karelian Isthmus, kwakungafanele athethwe isithiyo kuhle izimoto armored, ngakho kwanqunywa agawule stockade egwadle eyamba 1 m antitank ngaseziseleni ukujula kanye ububanzi 2.5 m. Nokho, kwacaca ukuthi ngokuhamba ubutha, itshe namazinyo udrako yayingasizi. ukuwushintsha yabo noma ixoshe kusuka wezikhali izibhamu. Ngemva okuphindaphindiwe bombardment egwadle ubhujiswe, okuholela izindinyana eziningi akhiwa.

Ukuze dragon namazinyo onjiniyela Finnish efakwe imigqa phezu 10 anti-nabasebenzi kanye ezimayini anti-tank, uvalo.

lokushaya

Winter War zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili. Esokuqala sasithatha mhlaka-30 Novemba, 1939 ngo-February 10, 1940 Sturm Mannerheim Line kwaba nzima kakhulu futhi olunegazi ngenxa iRed Army ngaleso sikhathi.

Kwatholakala ukuthi isithiyo enamandla, naphezu kwazo zonke amaphutha ayo, kumane kuyisithiyo cishe ukulwelapha amasosha aseSoviet. Ngaphezu ukumelana abanolaka yebutho Finnish, inkinga enkulu babe eziqine amane-degree yesithwathwa, okuyinto eyaba, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando eziningi, isizathu esiyinhloko ukwehluleka amaSoviet Mills.

Februwari 11, iqala esigabeni yomkhankaso ebusika yesibili - okuhlaselayo jikelele we iRed Army. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuya Karelian Isthmus ukuthi ziboshelwa ubuningi esiphezulu eziphathelene nezempi kanye nezisebenzi. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kwakukhona wezikhali ukulungiselela, amagobolondo wanisa phezu isikhundla Finns, owalwa ngaphansi kobuholi Mannerheim. Line futhi wonke ezungeze endaweni yayithonywe kakhulu ngamabhomu. Bekanye ezweni phambi enyakatho ntshonalanga empini abathintekayo imikhumbi Baltic Fleet futhi eyayisanda kumiswa Ladoga weqembu lemikhumbi.

ukuphumelela

Ezinsukwini ezintathu eyathatha zihlasele zokuqala zokuzivikela, futhi ngo-February 17 amabutho Army 7th ekugcineni wafohla ke, kanye Finns bexoshwa ngokuphelele umugqa wabo wokuqala futhi bathuthele owesibini, ngesikhathi Februwari 21-28, futhi walahlekelwa ke. Breakthrough we Mannerheim Line kwaholela Marshal SK Timoshenko ezathatha ngemiyalo yezikhulu I. V Stalina North-Western Front. Army Manje 7th futhi 13 ngokusekelwa amayunithi ezisogwini Baltic Fleet amatilosi baqala okuhlaselayo ngokuhlanganyela isiqeshana eGulf of Vyborg kuya Vuoksi echibini. Ukubona i ukuhlaselwa okunjalo lesitha, amabutho Finnish bashiya izikhundla zabo.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukufohla we Mannerheim Line yesibili eyaqedwa yokuthi, naphezu ukumelana angakhuluma le Finns, 13 March, iRed Army waya Vyborg. Waphela ngaleso sikhathi lapho yaze yaphela impi Soviet-Finnish.

Imiphumela empini

Ngenxa yalokho besizukulwane seMpi Winter, iSoviet Union usezuze konke ekudingayo. Izwe wathumba ngokugcwele Lake Ladoga, kanye yandiswa ukulawula indawo Finnish e ayizinkulungwane 40 sq M. km.

Manje, abaningi nicela, kungakhathaliseki isidingo kule mpi? Uma kungenjalo ngenxa yalokhu kunqoba emkhankasweni Finnish, Leningrad wayeyoba kuqala uhlu emadolobheni ehlaselwe okuhlaselayo iJalimane lamaNazi.

Tours yezindawo wezimpi

Kuze kube manje, iningi lezakhiwo ubhujiswe, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, hambo ezindaweni wezimpi besizukulwane seMpi Winter isaba khona, futhi isithakazelo kuyo ungacimi. izinqaba Ilondolozwe namanje kakhulu. somlando - kanye izakhiwo ubunjiniyela izikhundla ebusosheni, futhi njengoba indawo kwezinwele eziqine wezimpi le mpi nengxenye ukhohliwe.

Kukhona izikhungo zomlando namasiko ukuthi bayatfutfuka izinhlelo ezikhethekile ku kumasayithi alandelayo, lapho Mannerheim Line. Uhambo ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa indaba mayelana izigaba ukwakhiwa yayo, kanye intuthuko yezimpi.

Ukuze uthole banomuzwa kancane futhi sithola ukuphila wamabutho Finnish nawaseSoviet, ahlele izivakashi Field kwasemini. Liphinde kungenziwa izithombe ngaphansi kwesimo ezakhiwe ezinkulu oluxube imishini, ukubona bese ubamba ezandleni onobuhle kwezikhali.

Emlandweni iyiphi izingxabano zempi kusenabantu ezibukweni eziningi, izenzakalo ezifihliwe futhi amaqiniso. Kwaba azihlukile nempi ye-Soviet Union Finland 1939-40. Walala emahlombe nosizi zombili. Ezinsukwini 105 nje, lapho babelwa, wabulawa ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 150. Indoda, mayelana 20 ayizinkulungwane. Kulahleke. Nazi imiphumela nengxenye ukhohliwe futhi, Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, lesi "ezingadingekile" impi. Ngenxa lesikhumbuzo ukuze amasosha bawa kwesokunxele enkundleni yempi abe ngobubona nobukhulu bayo Mannerheim Line. Izithombe zalabo izikhathi amatshe amathuna mass namanje zisikhumbuza ubuqhawe of amasosha amaSoviet nasemakamu Finnish.