Wesifundazwe kanye esifundeni zemstvo yesifunda kanye nemikhandlu. Dala wesifundazwe kanye esifundeni zemstvo inhlangano. Njengoba ngokuthi amalungu umhlangano Zemsky?

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX abaphathi bendawo kwenziwa ngo kohlaka isimiso sezomnotho amakhosi asendulo. Ngenxa uyisihluthulelo ukukhuluma umninindlu. Ezandleni zakhe wagxilisa amandla zokuphatha kanye zokwahlulela, kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe phezu nasekuthengeni.

kabusha ongumlimi

nokuqaliswa kwalo ibidinga inguqulo ukulungiswa okuphuthumayo izinhlaka zombuso zikamasipala. Ngo inqubo kabusha, uhulumeni Kusolwa ukudala izimo ezaziyobonisa ukuqinisekisa kulondolozwe amandla kulendawo, ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Ingxenye olandelanayo we ekilasini waphikelela ngokuthi ukudalwa yomphakathi enkulu kanye ilungelo. amaqembu Liberal igxile indlela kosozimali wasikisela yakha vsesoslovnye inhlangano. I uhlaka lokugcina Regulations phezu Zemstvo futhi imithetho lwesikhashana umsebenzi wabo zilungiselelwe kuze kube sekupheleni 1863

Ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo ezintsha

Ngo-1864, January 1, esasayinwa ngo-ilungiselelo wethula County kanye neziphathimandla yasemakhaya. Kwakufanele ukunweba idokhumenti izifunda 33. Ngemva kwalokho, i-Government kuhlelwe ukwethula amalungiselelo empeleni endaweni Astrakhan Archangelsk futhi 9 izifundazwe esentshonalanga eBessarabia, izifunda aseBaltic, uMbuso Poland. Zonke izikhungo, okuyinto kuze 1864 wagijima izindaba Ukwedelela yomphakathi, Zemsky imisebenzi, ukudla kazwelonke, abangu uyekwa.

I ohlakeni lwale nhlangano entsha

Lezi zikhungo zihlanganisa:

1. amakolishi Electoral.
2. inhlangano Zemsky nomkhandlu.

ukumelwa uhlelo esekelwe vsesoslovnye isimiso. Ukhetho yayiqhutshwa 3 congresses - kusuka ezintathu curiae:

1. abaninimhlaba District. It ngokuyinhloko yezikhulu ifike. Congress ayekwazi nokuvota abanikazi ngokusebenzisa umhlaba noma impahla neziqu noma ethize dolobha inzuzo ngonyaka. Kugcine isethwe 6 th. Imfuneko Land kunqunywa esifundazweni ngayinye, esekelwe isimo ubunikazi ifike. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Vladimir, wayengumuntu 250 okweshumi, eMoscow - 200, e Vologda - 250-800. Ukufaneleka ingcebo isethwe at yizinkulungwane 15. Labo abanikazi bamazwe abangazange babe nemali eyanele, bahlanganyela nokuvota nge-proxy.
2. curia Urban. Lalinama nabantu ababenolwazi izitifiketi yomthengisi, abanikazi izikhungo commercial nezezimboni, inzuzo nokungelona ezingaphansi kwezingu-6 ayizinkulungwane. P. / Yr., Ukukhanya kwawo kwakunjengetshe elinenani ethile impahla.
3. curia yasemaphandleni. Iphinde kusho ikhwalifikheshini impahla. Nokho, okhethweni ezintathu isigaba kwangena ku Curia. Abalimi ayeya ukubuthana lesifunda, labo abaqokelwe ukumela wazithumela umhlangano. It is kakade ezikhethwe ngu kuvota.

Kumele wathi, njengoba ilungu yesigodi owabizelwa khona. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi onkamisa.

Izici kohlelo omele

Kuzo zonke congresses ongumlimi ine okukhethekile lombhalo uhlamvu kuphela. Lokhu ngaphandle nekuhlanganyela kwebantfu abangekho ingxenye umphakathi yasemakhaya. Kwasekuqaleni, sasingavunyelwe abameleli nezazi. On the landowning nasemadolobheni Congress ababambiqhaza kungaba ukhetha kuphela onkamisa ka curia yakhe. Ngesikhathi imiphakathi efanayo yasemakhaya bavunyelwa ukuba bavote esivuna bamazwe ngaphandle Curia, kanye nabefundisi bendawo. Suffrage bancishwa abantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-25, ngaphansi enkantolo noma uphenyo lobugebengu, ukucwaswa esesidlangalaleni sinqumo noma ukwahlulela. Asizange iqhaza okhethweni, futhi abezinye izizwe ngeke asifungela inkosi.

Dala inhlangano yesifundazwe kanye zemstvo wesifunda

Uphiko kohlelo yesibili kwamiswa phezu congresses lokhetho. I ukhetho lwenziwe njalo eminyakeni emithathu. imihlangano Zemsky yayiqhutshelwa kanye ngonyaka. Ngo izimo ezingavamile, bona amenywa nokuningi. Njengoba usihlalo, njengoba umthetho, wakhuluma umholi yezikhulu. inhlangano wesifundazwe kanye County zemskie kwakhiwa ocacile isakhiwo phezulu.

imisebenzi

District neyezifundazwe zemstvo yesifunda sakhiwa amalungu akhethiwe kusukela curiae ezintathu ngesikhathi congresses. Eyokuqala abangu subordinated neyesibili, kodwa abakwazanga ukuba bazikhethele bona ukuthi imibuzo eminingana. Ikakhulu, i-yesifunda zemstvo:

1. Yanikeza imvume kuvulwa izimakethe kanye nokuhweba.
2. Okusatshalalisiwe ngaphakathi County kanye nezimali uhulumeni wesifundazwe. Lesi sici isibaluli ukusungulwa oda futhi umthetho.
3. izinhlangano wesifundazwe ukunikeza ulwazi kanye nemibono ngezihloko yomnotho.
4. Thina ukuxazulula inkinga okuqukethwe ezingwini.
5. Ukudlulisa imigwaqo yezwe kanye umgwaqo emkhakheni isigaba wesifunda noma okuphambene nalokho, bayashintsha nesiqondiso sabo.
6. Ama-oda Inkinga kanye nokuhlolwa olwenziwa ticondziso umkhandlu Railways kudivayisi, umshwalense mutual, wanikeza umbiko intuthuko.

Ephakeme Zemsky Assembly kufanele:

1. Ukwehlukanisa izakhiwo, ukuxhumana, ukwakhiwa, izibopho, izikhungo sa esigabeni. Ukwahlukanisa ezilinganiselwa amaqembu 2: eyodwa kwakungekaNkulunkulu County, elinye - esifundazweni.
2. Beqhuba ibhizinisi inhlangano Fairs emisha yokuhwebelana, ukushintsha / ukuhlehliswa ezisebenza.
3. Direction ngokusebenzisa izicelo omkhulu ukudluliselwa ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo esigabeni uhulumeni kunezizathu ezinhle.
4. Beqhuba ibhizinisi inhlangano marinas entsha phezu kwemifula futhi ukudluliswa amatheku ekhona.
5. Isakhiwo phakathi izifunda of Revenue.
6. Ibhizinisi ukuphathwa mutual umshwalense isakhiwo umlilo.
7. Ukucutshungulwa nekusombulula nezindaba nezinkinga ezingase ziphakame uma ekuvumeleni izakhiwo kanye nezindleko izilinganiso bamacala.
8. Ukuhlaziya izikhalazo ngokumelene imikhandlu.

Uhlu imisebenzi

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imithetho 1864 e Art. 2 wanikezwa uhlu lwezinto okumelwe bangaqhubeka zemstvo imihlangano yesifunda, kodwa abazange ibophezela kubo. Lezi zihlanganisa, ikakhulukazi:

1. Ukuphathwa kwempahla, izimali kanye capital nokuphathwa zosizo.
2. Azonakekela ukuthuthukiswa kazwelonke uhlelo ukudla, umkhakha kanye ukuhweba.
3. Ukuphathwa yomshuwalense mutual kwempahla.
4. Isakhiwo of Revenue.
5. Ukubamba iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni ezomnotho izindaba eziphathelene nempilo yomphakathi kanye nemfundo.
6. Ukukhokhisa intela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali ekhokhwayo.

zemstvo

Benzé njengesikhulu esiphezulu izitho. kwakhiwa Ukwakheka kwabo Zemsky LoMhlangano kuseshini lokuqala nomhlangano entsha. Hhayi ingxenye izikhungo esiphethe izikhulu e-Treasury, Exchequer, umuntu ongokomoya. Umkhandlu yesifundazwe kwadingeka amalungu 6 futhi usihlalo. emizimbeni likhethwa engu-3. Uhulumeni County wayekhona amalungu 2 kanye noSihlalo, ababethi isikhulu sendawo eliphakeme.