Uyini umehluko phakathi kwezinga ngalinye lenhlangano yezindaba eziphilayo

Isimiso somhlaba jikelele "kusukela elula kuya esiyinkimbinkimbi" sisebenza kuwo wonke amazinga awaziwayo enhlangano yendaba futhi sibonakala kuzo zonke izigaba zayo ngendlela yezinga lenhlangano. I-biology yanamuhla ibonisa amazinga ahlukahlukene ezinhlobonhlobo zokuhlelwa kwezinhlobo eziphilayo: iyingxenye yazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, amazinga amangqamuzana namaselula, kanye nezinambuzane eziyinkimbinkimbi, isitho, imvelo, kanye nomphakathi, i-biogeocenosis kanye ne-biosphere. Zonke izilwane eziphilayo zimelela uhlelo lweselula oluvulekile ukusebenzisana nemvelo yangaphandle. Izinto eziyinhloko "zokwakha" zeseli eliphilayo ziyi-protein, i-lipids, i-carbohydrate, i- nucleic acid.

Izinga lokuhlelwa kwezinto eziphilayo ze-multicellular

Izinga lamakhemikhali yenhlangano yezinto eziphilayo lilula futhi lizalwa kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuqala ngama-bacterium kanye ne-protozoa. Kunezimpendulo zamakhemikhali ezithwala imisebenzi yokusekela ukuphila, kanye nezinhlelo ezizuzwe njengefa ezizuzwa njenge-nucleic acid. Okulandelayo - izinga lamangqamuzana yenhlangano yezinto eziphilayo - inezinye izindawo eziningana. Yileli cell okuyinto encane eyakhiwe ngesakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo, inikeza imisebenzi efana nokukhula, ukuthuthukiswa, ukukhiqiza. Emangqamuzaneni kukhona izinqubo zokuxuba.

Izinga lokuhlelwa kwezinto eziphilayo ze-multicellular

Ngokufana nokuhlelwa nokusebenza, amangqamuzana ahlanganisa izinhlobo ezine eziyisisekelo zezicubu: uxhumano, i-epithelial, i-nervous, i-muscular. Izinhlobo eziningana zezicubu, eyodwa noma ezimbili zazo ezidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu, yakha isilwane - ingxenye ehlukile yomzimba onendawo ebekiwe futhi yenza imisebenzi ethile. Izindlela zezinhlangano ziyahlangana, zakha izinga elisha lenhlangano yezinto eziphilayo - i-organism; Kuyinto engokwemvelo, ikakhulukazi, izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene. Imvelo ngayinye yindlela ezinzile, ekwazi ukuzimela emvelo futhi ekwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zayo. Ngenxa yokuthi iziphilayo eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo ezifanayo zinesakhiwo nemisebenzi efanayo, ziyakwazi ukuhlangana emiphakathini, zihlala ezindaweni ezithile lapho izici ezithile zezulu ziwuphawu.

Njengoba iyinhlangano elula kakhulu yenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, inani labantu liqinisekisa ukushintshaniswa kolwazi lofuzo, ukugeleza kwezinqubo zokuzalwa kanye nokuhlukahluka. I-Biocenoses, emele izinhlangano zabantu abahlukahlukene bezinhlobo, ngokuxhumana no-ok Imvelo ecebile kakhulu inesigaba esilandelayo senhlangano yezindaba eziphilayo. Kuyinto i-biogeocenosis ehlinzeka umjikelezo wezinto ezikhona emvelweni, kanye nokuxhumana okuphezulu kwemvelo enempilo nokungafihli.

Izinga eliphakeme kunazo zonke lokuhlelwa kwezinto eziphilayo - i-biosphere - ihlanganisa biogeocenoses. It has a stream of energy, futhi ihlanganisa wonke amazinga angenhla ibe yinye. Yilelizinga lenhlangano yezindaba eziphilayo eziphethe ububanzi obubanzi bemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nokugcina ukuhlala kwesakhiwo sangaphandle nesingaphakathi kwemvelo, ukuhlela nokuhlelwa kwezinto eziyisisekelo.