Awezolimi - yilokho ... izigaba Main wesayensi yezilimi

Awezolimi - isayensi ulimi, silitadishe, futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi (njengoba uhlelo), futhi ezinye impahla yayo futhi izici: umsuka kanye esidlule zomlando, ikhwalithi kanye izici ukusebenza, kanye nemithetho jikelele isakhiwo kanye lwekutfutfukisa zazo zonke izilimi emhlabeni.

Awezolimi njengoba isayensi ulimi

Into eyinhloko ezifundwa isayensi - ngolimi lwemvelo lesintu, isimo sawo futhi empeleni futhi kuncike - amaphethini isakhiwo, ukusebenza, ukushintsha izilimi nezindlela yokutadisha kwazo.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi manje yezilimi uncika abalulekile isisekelo theory kanye nama-enokwehla, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi yezilimi - kuyinto isayensi ngokulinganiswa ayemncane (ngesiRashiya - ne XVIII - nach.XIX ekhulwini). Noma kunjalo, it has ababengaphambi nge ukubukwa ezithakazelisayo - umlutha ekutadisheni ulimi, izazi zefilosofi grammarians, ngakho imisebenzi yabo kufanele mazwi athakazelisayo nokucabangisisa (isib, zefilosofi ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, uVoltaire futhi Diderot).

akanhlanhlatsi terminological

Igama elithi "Awezolimi" ayizange bezilokhu izimangalo ngoba igama kazwelonke wesayensi namalimi wemiphakathi. inombolo lahlotshaniswa imigomo "yezilimi - Awezolimi - Awezolimi" inezici ayo semantic yomlando.

Ekuqaleni, ngaphambi inguquko ka-1917, lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso ososayensi yezilimi ezivamile eside. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, yayakhiwe yezilimi (isib, ekolishi izifundo nokokufundisa ukuze uthome ngokuthi "Introduction to Awezolimi") kanye nohla lwayo "non-sekhenoni" atholakala engasho lutho olusha. Ngakho, yezilimi libhekisela isiko zesayensi zangaphambi wamavukelambuso, futhi yezilimi bakhomba imibono Western namasu, ezifana structuralism. Njengoba i-TV Shmelev esihlokweni esithi "Memory kwegama elithi: Linguistics, ulimi, Awezolimi" kuphambene semantic wesayensi yezilimi Russian awuzixazululanga kuze kube manje, ngoba kukhona lokulinganisa esiqinile, imithetho kwedivayisi futhi bheke (yezilimi → ngokolimi → lwezilimi) nokuthambekela ukwandisa okushiwo yezilimi eside ( ukufunda olunye ulimi). Ngakho, umcwaningi eqhathanisa amagama eyala namalimi wamanje esikoleni esiphakeme ejwayelekile, amagama neminyango, izincwadi, "ivelele" izigaba wesayensi yezilimi kukharikhulamu "Introduction to Awezolimi" nelithi "Jenene Awezolimi"; Division of RAS 'Isikhungo Awezolimi "iphephabhuku" Imibuzo esiphathelene neziLimi ", incwadi" Tindzaba e Awezolimi "; Isigaba esiphathelene neziLimi futhi ngemasiko Ukuxhumana, "yezamakhompyutha Awezolimi", umagazini "okusha e yezilimi ..."

Izigaba main wesayensi yezilimi: umbono jikelele

Isayensi ulimi "amakhefu" ku eyala eziningi, abaluleke kakhulu zazo yilezi ezilandelayo ezindaweni eziyinhloko wesayensi yezilimi, kokubili jikelele kanye ethize, i-theory kanye nama-practical, achazayo kanye zomlando.

Futhi, eyala ngokolimi zihlelwe ngesisekelo imisebenzi yabo futhi esekelwe into uphenyo. Ngakho, ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezilandelayo eyinhloko yezilimi:

• izigaba enikelwe ekutadisheni isakhiwo sangaphakathi sohlelo ulimi, amazinga ayo yenhlangano (isib, morphology nolwamagama);
• izigaba ezichaza Dynamics ekuthuthukiseni zomlando kolimi jikelele kanye kumiswa amazinga ngabanye (amafonethiki zomlando, lolimi zomlando);
• Amaforamu, Ikhwalithi nemisebenzi yokusetshenziswa kolimi kanye nendzima yayo emphakathini (sociolinguistics, dialectology);
• Amaforamu ukutadisha izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi emngceleni wesayensi ahlukahlukene nezinto zalo (psycholinguistics, yezilimi yezamakhompyutha);
• eyala osetshenziswayo ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingokoqobo ebuzwe yesayensi yezilimi umphakathi (Leksikhografu, yasendulo).

Jikelele yangasese futhi yezilimi

Ukuhlukaniswa isayensi kolimi ku ensimini jikelele kanye ezikhethekile kubonisa ukuthi umgomo global izithakazelo yesayensi abacwaningi.

Yemibuzo ebaluleke kunayo yonke yesayensi ukuthi uhlola yezilimi jikelele yilezi:

• ngokuyisisekelo ulimi, imfihlakalo yomsuka wawo kanye nemithetho izenzakalo ezingokomlando;
• imithetho eyisisekelo amadivayisi nemisebenzi ulimi emhlabeni njengoba umphakathi wabantu;
• isilinganiso imikhakha "ulimi" futhi "ecabanga", "ulimi", "ngokoqobo umgomo";
• ukuvela ngcono ngokukhululekile lencwadi;
• ulimi typology, isakhiwo amazinga ngolimi lwabo, ukusebenza nokwengamela izenzakalo ezingokomlando amakilasi nemithetho yolimi nendlela izigaba;
• ngezigaba zazo zonke izilimi emhlabeni, nabanye abaningi.

Enye yezinkinga international obaluleke kakhulu, ezama ukuxazulula yezilimi jikelele - ukudalwa kanye nokusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu (izilimi yokufakelwa international). Ukuthuthukiswa lesi siqondiso - okubalulekile interlinguistics.

Ilungelo labaqeqeshi Awezezilimi yangasese isifundo esiphathelene isakhiwo, ukusebenza nokwengamela ukuthuthukiswa komlando ngolimi oluthile (isiRashiya, Czech, Chinese), eziningi izilimi ezihlukene noma yonke imikhaya izilimi ahlobene ngesikhathi esifanayo (isibonelo, kuphela Latin - isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, iSpanishi, isiPutukezi kanye nabanye abaningi) . yezilimi Private isebenzisa izindlela zokuvumelanisa (aka - achazayo) noma kolimi (historical) cwaningo.

Jikelele Awezezilimi maqondana wangasese isisekelo theory kanye methodological isifundo of izinkinga yesayensi ephathelene ne-ekutadisheni isimo amaqiniso futhi izinqubo ngolimi oluthile. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, yezilimi yangasese - isiyalo enikeza yezilimi jikelele, idatha enokwehla, zisuselwa ekuhlaziyweni okungenza iziphetho theory.

Kwangaphandle kanye yezilimi yangaphakathi

Idivayisi yesayensi yanamuhla kolimi ukumela isakhiwo ezimbili - lawa ezindaweni eziyinhloko wesayensi yezilimi, mikrolingvistika (noma yezilimi yangaphakathi) kanye ekstralingvistika (yezilimi zangaphandle).

Mikrolingvistika igxile ingaphakathi isimiso solimi - umsindo, morphological, syntactic futhi eziyizitezi silulumagama.

Ekstralingvistika kuqhakambisa okunhlobonhlobo ulimi ukuxhumana: nomphakathi, ukucabanga kwabantu, kuchumana, ngokomzwelo, ngenxa yobuhle nokusikwa nakwezinye izici zokuphila. Ngezinye kwesisekelo salo bazalwa indlela ukuhlaziywa contrastive futhi izifundo imikhakha eyahlukene (ngokwengqondo, ethnolinguistics, paralinguistics, yezilimi zamasiko, njll).

Synchronic (achazayo) kanye kolimi (historical) yezilimi

Iphanorama zocwaningo yezilimi achazayo libhekisela ulimi isimo noma amazinga ayo ahlukene, amaqiniso kanye izenzakalo esimweni sabo ngesikhathi ngesikhathi esinikeziwe, isigaba ethile yentuthuko. Ngokuvamile sinake isimo samanje, ngezikhathi ezithile - isimo ngesikhathi esidlule (isibonelo, ulimi yezindaba zemihla ngemihla Russian kwekhulu XIII).

yezilimi zomlando liphathelene cwaningo amaqiniso ahlukahlukene kwezilimi imihlola ngokuya Dynamics yabo kanye kwemvelo. Abacwaningi anomgomo ukulungisa izinguquko ezenzeka izilimi ifundelwe (isibonelo, ukuqhathanisa Dynamics kwezinkambiso kwezincwadi isiRashiya e XVII, XIX futhi XX eminyaka).

incazelo kwezilimi emazingeni ulimi

Awezezilimi etadisha imihlola ezihlobene imikhakha ezihlukahlukene jikelele uhlelo lolimi. Wamukele ukuhlinzeka amazinga olimini olulandelayo: lwemisindvo, lucebe-semantic, morphological, syntactic. Ngaphansi kwalezi mazinga okulandelayo izigaba eziyinhloko yezilimi.

On the lwemisindvo lelulwimi exhumene sciences ezilandelayo:

• Ifonetikisi (uchaza ezihlukahlukene imisindo yenkulumo ngolimi, ukuhambisana yabo futhi izici acoustic);
• phonology (ukutadisha phoneme njengoba iyunithi kulencane yokukhuluma, izici zayo Imphimiso kanye nokusebenza);
• morphophonology (ucabangela isakhiwo lwemisindvo ka morphemes, qualitative izinguquko ambalwa phonemes ezifanayo esikhathini morphemes, kokuhlukana zabo, udela imithetho ku ukuhambisana morpheme imingcele).

Izinga lucebe kolimi elandelayo izigaba ukuhlola:

• Lexicology (ukutadisha izwi njengoba iyunithi eyisisekelo ngolimi futhi lonke izwi njengoba ukujula ngokolimi, ihlola izici isakhi ulimi, ukunwetshwa nokwakheka kwalo, imithombo replenishment nesilulumagama ulimi);
• semasiology (uhlola incazelo lucebe bezwi, le semantic amazwi ezifanayo futhi imiqondo esashiwo kubo noma wathi bengayithandi, mkhuba ngokoqobo inhloso);
• onomasiology (ucabangela nezindaba ezihlobene esigabeni inkinga ngolimi, ne esakhiweni izinto zezwe ngesikhathi kufundwa).

ezingeni morphological cwaningo ulimi izihloko ezilandelayo:

• morphology (gama lichaza amayunithi kwesakhiwo, inani Ukwakheka morphemic of yamagama nezakhiwo Ukuphakama kwephimbo, titfo tenkhulumo, izici zawo, umoya kanye nezimiso Ukukhetha);
• kwakhiwa kwemagama (izifundo ukwakha amagama, imodi yayo yokuzalana, ukufika ngesikhathi kwezinkathi isakhiwo kanye kumiswa amazwi futhi ikakhulukazi ukusebenza kwawo ngokugcwele ulimi nendlela yokukhuluma).

ezingeni Syntactic uchaza syntax (ukuhlola izakhiwo lehlukene ekucabanga kwengcondvo netintfo izinqubo recheporozhdeniya: izindlela yokuxuba amagama izakhiwo eyinkimbinkimbi imishwana nemisho, izinhlobo ubudlelwano isakhi emagama nemisho, izinqubo eziphathelene namalimi ngawo ukukhuluma okwenzekayo kumiswa).

yezilimi Contrastive futhi typological

yezilimi Comparative liphathelene indlela ehlelekile ukuze nokumadanisa kwedivayisi kwamanethiwekhi okungenani izilimi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, kungakhathaliseki ubuhlobo izakhi zabo zofuzo. Kukhona ingafaniswa nohambo ethile ekuthuthukiseni elilodwa futhi ngolimi olufanayo - isibonelo, uhlelo icala eziyimpumelelo ka yolimi lwanamuhla Russian nolimi lwethu izikhathi Rus sidilizwa.

yezilimi Typological ngokuqondene nesakhiwo nemsebenti raznostrukturnyh izilimi "ezingaphelelwa isikhathi" ngohlangothi (isici panhronichesky). Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukubona ukuthi ezivamile (jikelele) izici isici ulimi zabantu bebonke.

universals ngokolimi

Jikelele Awezezilimi ocwaningweni yabo ithumba ngolimi jikelele - amaphethini ulimi ezehlela bonke izilimi emhlabeni (universals eliphelele) noma ingxenye enkulu izilimi (universals kwezibalo).

Njengoba universals ngokuphelele ezikhonjwe izici ezilandelayo:

• Ukuze zonke izilimi zomhlaba zinezikhathi onkamisa ayeke ongwaqa umsindo.
• Ukusakaza Izwi sehlukaniswe amaqoqo ezinhlamvu, okuyizinto ngempela amalungu e-izinhlelo umsindo "unkamisa + emagama abe ngemalunga."
• Emabito netabito itholakala kunoma yiluphi ulimi.
• Ukuze uhlelo lolimi ulimi nobuntu emabito netento.
• ulimi ngalunye has iqoqo lamagama ukuze sidlulisele imizwa yomuntu, imizwa noma imiyalo.
• Uma ulimi has isigaba icala noma uhlobo, khona-ke ngempela inombolo kukhona futhi isigaba.
• Uma ibizo ngolimi umelana ubunjalo, okufanayo kungabonakala nasemkhakheni ukudedelwa izabizwana.
• Bonke abantu emhlabeni ukwenza izinto ozikhumbulayo yakhe ngenjongo yokuxhumana isiphakamiso.
• isibopho Coordinative nezinyunyana abakhona ngazo zonke izilimi zomhlaba.
• Noma yiluphi ulimi emhlabeni has a izakhiwo ukuqhathanisa, izinkulumo phraseological, tifanisongco.
• Taboo Universal nezimpawu kwelanga nenyanga.

Ukuze universals kwezibalo zihlanganisa kokuma ezilandelayo:

• Ezilimini eziningi zezwe kukhona okungenani ezimbili ezihlukene unkamisa umsindo (ngaphandle - Australian ulimi Arunta).
• Ngo iningi izilimi tabito emhlabeni ziyehluka inombolo akuyona esingaphansi kwezinsuku ezimbili (okuhlukile - abakhileyo esiqhingini Java ulimi).
• Cishe zonke izilimi kufanele ongwaqa acinene (ngaphandle - kwezinye izilimi zaseNtshonalanga Afrika).

yezilimi osetshenziswayo

Lengxenye isingethe isayensi zokuthuthukiswa kolimi ngqo ukubhekana nezinselele ezihlobene kusebentisa lulwimi:

• Ukuthuthukiswa amathuluzi methodological ekufundiseni ulimi njengoba ulimi lomdabu futhi njengoba olunye ulimi;
• ukudalwa zokuzisiza, inkomba, ezemfundo kanye izichazamazwi ezikhethekile, isicelo emazingeni ehlukene ngezigaba yokufundisa;
• amasu ukuqeqeshwa ukukhuluma nokubhala kahle, ngokunembile, ngokucacile bekhombisa (mpendulo);
• ikhono ukuya imithetho ulimi, emakhono isipelingi (yokukhuluma, orthoepy, lupelomagama netiphumuti);
• ubungcono isipelingi, alfabhethi, ebhalela ukuthuthukisa izilimi engabhaliwe (isibonelo, ukwenziwa ngabanye izilimi Abantu eU.SSR ngo 1930-1940-yalolucwaningo.), ukudalwa izinhlamvu izincwadi ezibhalelwe abangaboni;
• ukuqeqeshwa ku ifasitela lokuzula futhi kwamaletha;
• amazinga ukudala kwamatemu (GOST);
• ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono translation, ukudalwa izichazamazwi bi- ngezilimi ezinhlobo ezehlukene;
• Ukuthuthukisa okuzenzakalelayo imikhuba umshini translation;
• ukudalwa kwikhompuyutha izwi ukuqashelwa izinhlelo ukuguqula amagama akhulunyiwe ibe umbhalo uyithayiphe (ubunjiniyela noma yezilimi yezamakhompyutha);
• kumiswa amagobolondo umbhalo, uxhumano, computer futhi izichazamazwi, kanye nokuthuthukisa izindlela sokuhlaziya nokucubungula (British National Corpus, BNC, Russian National Corpus);
• ukuthuthukiswa indlela, copywriting, ukukhangisa kanye nobudlelwano zomphakathi, njll