A eziphilayo - ke ... Ukwahlukaniswa eziphilayo. Isiqalo nesigcino eziphilayo

A eziphilayo - kuba isihloko esikhulu, okuyinto etadisha isayensi, efana biology. Kuyinto, kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisa amaseli, kwezitho nezicubu. A eziphilayo - ingenye ukuthi ine eziningi izici isici. Yena uphefumula adle, ihamba bese ihamba futhi has inzalo.

Life Sciences

Igama elithi "biology" laqanjwa JB Lamarck - semvelo French - e 1802. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi esifanayo futhi ngokuzimela igama isayensi, ophilayo emhlabeni, wanika isazi sezitshalo German GR Treviranus.

izigaba eziningi Biology ucabangela ukuhlukahluka hhayi kuphela eziphilayo ezikhona njengamanje, kodwa seziqothuliwe kakade. Atadisha imvelaphi yabo futhi izinqubo kwemvelo, isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza, kanye nentuthuko yomuntu siqu futhi ukuxhumana imvelo kanye nomunye.

Izigaba Biology kubhekwe imithetho yangasese futhi jikelele, okuyizinto esivela kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo kuyo yonke le izakhiwo kanye ukubonakaliswa. Lokhu kusebenza futhi imifanekiso, futhi umzimba kanye ufuzo, nokuthuthukiswa, nokukhula.

Qala isigaba zomlando

Eyokuqala eziphilayo eplanethini yethu e oyiyo ngokuphongoza okwamanje. Kwakumelwe lula kakhulu. Phakathi nawo wonke amabanga ohambo kumiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wafika ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Waba nesandla ngcono isakhiwo izidalwa eziphilayo, siyivumele ukuba ukuzivumelanisa nezwe elingaphandle.

Ngesikhathi sokuqala eziphilayo endalweni udle izithako kuphela organic eziye lasuka carbohydrate eyinhloko. Njengoba sekuzoqala nomlando wayo kanye izilwane kanye nezitshalo zincane izidalwa owumphumela. Kwakumelwe afana amoebae zamanje, ulwelwe oluluhlaza namagciwane. Phakathi kwemvelo eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi yaqala ukubonakala okwakukhona kakhulu ahlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukwedlula ababengaphambi zabo.

amakhemikhali ukwakheka

A eziphilayo - okungukuthi, lezi zinhlayiya zakha izidakamizwa wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic okuyinto.

Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka yalezi zinhlobo zikasawoti zihlanganisa amanzi nokumbiwa nosawoti. izinto eziphilayo kukhona kumaseli eziphilayo kuthiwa amafutha kanye amaprotheni, amino nucleic, ama-carbohydrate, ATP nezinye izakhi eziningi. Kuyaphawuleka iqiniso lokuthi izinto eziphilayo e isakhiwo sicuketse tincenye efanayo ayatholakala futhi izinto bemvelo ezingaphili. Umehluko oyinhloko isilinganiso data izinto. Eziphilayo - labo ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalombili amaphesenti okuyinto uya e-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-carbon-nitrogen.

ngezigaba

Izwe organic kuyiplanethi yethu ine zaphetha cishe kwesigamu sesigidi izinhlobo ezihlukene zezilwane, isigamu sesigidi zezitshalo, kanye nezilwanyana ezincane abayizigidi eziyishumi. Ukuhlukahluka okunjalo akukwazi wafunda ngaphandle systematization enemininingwane. Ukwahlukaniswa eziphilayo yaqale akhiwa semvelo Swedish Carl Onomusa. Ngesisekelo umsebenzi wakhe, wamfaka isimiso phezulu. Iyunithi baba uhlobo systematization, igama okuyinto omenyiwe ukunikeza kuphela ngesiLatini.

Ukwahlukaniswa eziphilayo elisetshenziswa biology yesimanje ophilayo, libhekisela nokuzwelana nobudlelwano yokuziphendukela kwemvelo izinhlelo organic. Nakuba nokugcina isimiso isigaba sabaphathi.

Isiqalo nesigcino eziphilayo banendabuko efanayo, okufanayo chromosome isethi, ezovumelana nezimo ezifanayo ophilayo, abahlala engokwemvelo ethize, ngikubhastelise ngokukhululekile futhi unike siyinzalo uyakwazi imifanekiso, futhi umbono.

Kunenye ngezigaba eziphilayo. Lokhu isayensi bonke eziphilayo yeselula zihlukaniswe amaqembu ngokuvumelana khona noma ukungabi khona core semthethweni. It prokaryotes futhi eukaryotes.

Iqembu lokuqala imelelwa eziphilayo bakudala ngaphandle nuclei. Lezi cell endaweni yenyukliye, kodwa iqukethe molecule ye kuphela. Lokhu amagciwane.

abameleli Nuclear kweqiniso emhlabeni organic kukhona eukaryotes. Amaseli eziphilayo yaleli qembu ophilayo unawo wonke izingxenye zesakhiwo eziyisisekelo. ehlotshisiwe Kusobala nabo, futhi ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa izilwane, izitshalo kanye isikhunta.

Isakhiwo eziphilayo kungase kungabi kuphela kuseli. Biology izifundo nezinye izinhlobo zokuphila. Lezi zihlanganisa eziphilayo-non-amaselula, okufana nama-virus futhi bacteriophages.

Amakilasi eziphilayo

Ngo taxonomy yemvelo ekhona Rank ngezigaba phezulu, ososayensi abakholelwa omunye oyinhloko. Uveza amakilasi yezinto eziphilayo. Khona-ke abakhululiwe ezisemqoka ezilandelayo:

- amagciwane;

- amakhowe;

- izilwane;

- izitshalo;

- ulwelwe.

Incazelo amakilasi

Igciwane kuyinto eziphilayo. Lokhu owumphumela, okuyinto esandisa ukwahlukana. Iseli e igciwane is ebiyelwe igobolondo futhi cytoplasm.

Ukuze amakilasi alandelayo eziphilayo ayisikhunta. Emvelweni, zikhona mayelana eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisihlanu zama-lezi abameleli emhlabeni organic. Nokho, izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zafunda amaphesenti amahlanu kuphela wezindleko. Ngokuthakazelisayo, amakhowe inezici ezithile kokubili ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Indima ebalulekile yalesi ekilasini eziphilayo itholakala ikhono ukubola izinto eziphilayo. Yingakho amakhowe ingatholakala cishe wonke niches begazi.

A ezihlukahlukene elikhulu nezilwane kungaba ozibongayo. Abamele lesi sigaba ingatholakala ezindaweni ezifana, lapho, ngokusobala, azikho nemibandela khona.

Ikilasi ihlelwe kakhulu kakhulu yizilwane esinegazi elifudumele. Igama sebewelele endleleni ukondla inzalo. Zonke abameleli zihlukaniswe ezincelisayo ungulates (indlulamitsi, ihhashi) kanye carnivores (impungushe, impisi, bear).

Abamele ezilwaneni nazo izinambuzane. Ziyakwazi emhlabeni kukhona abaningi kangaka. Bebhukuda futhi fly, liphenduka unyawo lonwabu futhi gxuma. Abaningi sezinambuzane ube usayizi encane yokuthi azikwazi ukumelana ngisho ukungezwani amanzi.

Omunye ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo lokuqala kwavela ezikhathini zomlando wasendulo ngokulingenela ilizwe, kwakungamadodana kwezilwane eziphila ezweni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Namanje ukuphila kwalesi isigaba lihlotshaniswa amanzi. Ngakho, ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo abadala - lwaba ngumhlabathi owomileyo, ziphefumula kulula. Lezi ziphungumangathi zasondela futhi ziphefumula gills futhi zasemanzini. Okwamanje emhlabeni kukhona angaba yizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa zama-lesi sigaba yezinto eziphilayo.

abameleli abahlukile nezilwane kuyiplanethi yethu kukhona izinyoni. Phela, ngokungafani nezinye izilwane, ayakwazi ukundiza. Umhlaba iyikhaya cishe nesishiyagalombili namakhulu ayisithupha zezinyoni. Ukuze amalungu alesi sigaba 'zinezikhathi izimpaphe neqanda kubekwa.

Ukuze iqembu elikhulu yezilwane ezinomgogodla basonta izinhlanzi. Zihlala emadanyini ezinamaphiko nezingcwecwe zokuphefumula. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zithi ngamaqembu amabili lezinhlanzi. Lokhu uqwanga bone. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo cishe izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili kwezinhlobo ezahlukene izinhlanzi.

Ngaphakathi ekilasini isitshalo has lokulinganisa lalo. flora abameleli zihlukaniswe dicots futhi monocots. Emfanekisweni wokuqala la maqembu e-embryo imbewu itholakala, ehlanganisa cotyledons ezimbili. Anqume bale zilwane kungaba amaqabunga. Basuke benamandla anezikhala emithanjeni (corn, beetroot). Umbungu ka monocots babe cotyledon eyodwa kuphela. On amaqabunga izitshalo ezifana ahlelwe emithanjeni okuhambisanayo (anyanisi, ukolo).

ulwelwe Class ine phezu izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu zilwane. Lokhu zasemanzini spore izitshalo ukuthi akudingeki imithambo yegazi, kodwa abe-chlorophyll. Le ngxenye kunomthelela inqubo ye-photosynthesis. Ulwelwe asiyona imbewu. ukwanda kwabo kwenzeka vegetative noma spore. Ngu izitshalo ephakeme, lesi sigaba eziphilayo libhekene ukungabi khona ophilayo, amaqabunga nezimpande. Sinenkosi kuphela umzimba okuthiwa ebizwe thallus.

Imisebenzi esivela eziphilayo

Yini esemqoka kunoma yiliphi ilungu emhlabeni organic? Lokhu amandla umsebenzi umzimba izinqubo kanye izinto. Emzimbeni ophilayo kuyinto ukuguqulwa njalo izinto ezithile zibe namandla, futhi izinguquko ezenzeka emzimbeni nasemizweleni kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka.

Lokhu kusebenza imfuneko ukuba khona eziphilayo. Kuyinto ngenxa umzimba zomhlaba nezidalwa eziphilayo ezahlukene kusukela wezinto ezingaphili. Yebo, ngisho nezinto ezingaphili nazo izinguquko izinto namandla ukuguqulwa. Nokho, lezi zinhlelo kukhona ukungezwani phakathi kwabo ayisisekelo. Umzimba, okuyinto eyenzeka ngo-izinto wezinto ezingaphili, ubhubhisa kubo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinto eziphilayo ngaphandle izinqubo umzimba awukwazi uqhubeke ukhona. Umphumela umzimba ukuba ubuyekeze uhlelo organic. Ukupheliswa izinqubo exchange kuholele ekufeni.

Imisebenzi ye eziphilayo zahlukahlukene. Kodwa wonke amalungu omndeni zihlobene ngokuqondile izinqubo umzimba ezenzeka kuwo. Lokhu kungaba ukukhula nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha, ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukugaya, ukudla nomoya-mpilo, ukusabela kanye isiyaluyalu Ukukhetha futhi uketshezi imikhiqizo imfucuza, njll At inhliziyo noma yimuphi umsebenzi somzimba iqoqo izinqubo ezinguquko amandla futhi izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is ngokulinganayo iphathelene amathuba njengoba izicubu, iseli, sitho, futhi umzimba wonke.

Umzimba kubantu nasezilwaneni kuhilela izinqubo umsoco ukugaya. Ngo izitshalo, it is eyenziwa esebenzisa inqubo ye-photosynthesis. A umzimba ophilayo lapho ekusebenziseni umzimba ngokwawo aphakele izakhamzimba ezidingekayo ukuze kube nokuphila.

Isici esibalulekile salo izwe organic lezinto ukusetshenziswa yangaphandle imithombo yamandla. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba ukukhonza njengendlela ukukhanya nokudla.

Izakhiwo esivela eziphilayo

Noma yimuphi iyunithi yemvelo yakhiwa izakhi ngabanye, okuyinto, wona akha isici exhunywe ohlelweni. Ngokwesibonelo, e-aggregate zonke izinhlaka nemisebenzi ukumelela umzimba wakhe. I izakhiwo eziphilayo zahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu olulodwa amakhemikhali ukwakheka kanye nokwenzeka izinqubo umzimba noma yini engathathwa organic emhlabeni inhlangano ekwaziyo. Kusukela ukunyakaza yamangqamuzana ekhiqizwa kunezinxushunxushu izakhiwo ezithile. Lokhu kudala zonke izinto eziphilayo ngendlela ethile ngesikhathi nendawo. inhlangano Bezakhiwe lonke iqoqo eziyinkimbinkimbi self-elawula izinqubo umzimba ukuthi zenzeka ngendlela ethize. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba ahlale enezinga esithunyweni njalo imvelo yangaphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-hormone insulini kunciphisa inani glucose egazini uma ukweqisa. Nge ukuntula le ngxenye yakha adrenaline yakhe futhi glucagon. Futhi, izinto eziphilayo ezinegazi elifudumele ifa izindlela eziningi ze-thermoregulation. Lokhu ukunwetshwa capillary isikhumba, futhi ukujuluka okukhulu. Njengoba ubona, lokhu kuyinto umsebenzi obalulekile okwenziwa mzimba.

I izakhiwo eziphilayo ukuthi kukhona abathile kuphela emhlabeni organic, futhi kwaphela inqubo ukuzithiba imifanekiso, ngoba ukuba khona noma yimuphi yezinto eziphilayo noma yomthetho umkhawulo isikhathi. Esekela ukuphila ungenziwa kuphela ukuzisebenzela ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Ngesisekelo lesi sici kumiswa izakhiwo yamangqamuzana entsha futhi kubangelwa ulwazi okuyinto ifakwe ku-DNA. Self-ukukhiqizwa kabusha is kuhlangene ku ufuzo. Phela, zonke izidalwa eziphilayo sizala njengazo. idlule ufuzo eziphilayo ekukhuleni kwabo ethile, izakhiwo kanye nezici. Le mpahla kungenxa ukuphikelela. It likhona isakhiwo se-molecule ye-DNA.

Esinye isici sobuntu eziphilayo, kuyinto ukucasuka. izinhlelo Organic ngaso sonke isikhathi uyosabela izinguquko zangaphakathi nezangaphandle (umthelela). Mayelana ukucasuka umzimba womuntu, kuyinto ngokuseduze uxhumene izakhiwo umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya imisipha, abakaze, futhi izicubu yezindlala. Lezi zingxenye labo abazokwazi akunika umfutho impendulo ngemva imisipha, nerve imvelaphi ungacabanganga, futhi uketshezi izinto ezihlukahlukene (hormone, ngamathe, njll). Futhi uma ophucwa isimiso sezinzwa of a eziphilayo? I izakhiwo eziphilayo ngohlobo ukucasuka ebonakaliswa Kulokhu ukunyakaza. Ngokwesibonelo, lenyama ushiye izixazululo lapho emakamu usawoti liphezulu kakhulu. Njengoba izitshalo, bayakwazi ukushintsha isikhundla amahlumela ukuze samukele ukukhanya ngangokunokwenzeka.

Noma yiluphi uhlelo eziphilayo angaphendula ugqozi. Lena ngesinye isici izinto zomhlaba organic - excitability. Le nqubo waqinisekisa imisipha nezicubu yezindlala. Omunye ukusabela sokugcina excitability ukuhamba. Ikhono ukuhambisa impahla ezivamile zonke izinto eziphilayo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kubonakala amanye eziphilayo bancishwa ke. Phela, ukunyakaza cytoplasm kwenzeka kunoma iyiphi iseli. Kuhanjiswe futhi enamathiselwe izilwane. ukunyakaza Ukukhula ngokwandisa inani lamaseli ebonwe izitshalo.

ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo

Ukuba khona emhlabeni organic lezinto kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ezinye ingxenye isikhala has njalo ozungezayo ephilayo ophilayo noma iqembu lonke. Lona ndawo.

Emphilweni yimuphi umzimba, nabavoti organic wezinto bemvelo badlala indima ebalulekile. Bakha umphumela othile kuye. izinto eziphilayo zinezici ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezikhona. Ngakho, ezinye izilwane bangaphila eNyakatho Ekude yeCanada kwamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Abanye ungenziwa kuphela ezikhona ezindaweni ezishisayo.

On iplanethi enguMhlaba, zikhona izindawo eziningana. Phakathi kwabo kukhona:

- amanzi;

- phansi-amanzi;

- phansi;

- inhlabathi;

- a eziphilayo;

- phansi emoyeni.

Indima eziphilayo endalweni

Ukuphila Emhlabeni kade eyizinkulungwane eziyizigidi ezintathu. Phakathi naso sonke lesi sikhathi, izinto eziphilayo ziye zashintsha, washintsha, yalungisa ngesikhathi esifanayo abasebenza imvelo yabo.

Ithonya Lako izinhlelo organic umoya okubangelwa ukubukeka inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kakhulu ziyancipha inani carbon dioxide. Umthombo oyinhloko ukukhiqizwa-mpilo kukhona izitshalo.

Ngaphansi kwethonya eziphilayo futhi washintsha indlela yokwakheka Umhlaba Ocean. umsuka Organic babe ematsheni. Mineral imithombo (uwoyela, amalahle, limestone) - liphinde umphumela ukusebenza eziphilayo. Ngamanye amazwi, izinto zezwe organic kukhona amandla amakhulu aguqula nemvelo.

Izinto eziphilayo uhlobo inkomba, okubonisa izinga imvelo womuntu. Zihlotshaniswa eziyinkimbinkimbi izitshalo inqubo nomhlabathi. Nokulahlekelwa ngisho isixhumanisi esisodwa lokhu kungalingani uchungechunge intando isimiso semvelo iyonke. Yingakho nokusakazwa amandla nezinto ezidaliwe emhlabeni kubalulekile ukugcina yonke ukwehluka ekhona abamele zomhlaba eziphilayo.