Umzimba womuntu. Anatomy futhi physiology uhlaka umbono

umzimba wethu baxhumana imvelo izinzwa, noma analyzers. Ngosizo lwabo, abantu akuzona kuphela akwazi "esinomuzwa" wokuthi izwe ngaphandle, ngesisekelo lezi zifiso, yena unalo ifomu ekhethekile reflection - ukuziqaphela, lokusungula, ikhono ukulindela izenzakalo, etc ...

Uyini bohlahleli?

Ngokusho I. P. Pavlovu, analyzer ngamunye (ngisho uhlaka umbono) - hhayi ukuthi abanye, njengoba "indlela" eziyinkimbinkimbi. It uyakwazi ukubona hhayi kuphela amasignali imvelo esizungezile ye-futhi uguqule wawayisa amandla ishayela, kodwa ukukhiqiza ukuhlaziywa ephakeme kanye zamagama.

Yimpumputhe, kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye analyzer siqukethe 3 izingxenye ebalulekile:

- neuropathy ingxenye obhekene bezibona zangaphandle umfutho namandla nokucubungula yayo nezinzwa amaza;

- ezindleleni ngawo yisifiso emsipheni enkabeni emsipheni samaqanda;

- ukuphela cortical we analyzer (noma thinta isikhungo), etholakala ngqo ebuchosheni.

Zonke amaza ezinzwa kusukela analyzer ohlelweni sezinzwa, lapho lonke ulwazi icutshungulwe samaqanda. Ngenxa zonke lezi zenzo, futhi kukhona bezibona - ikhono lokuzwa, ukubona, touch, nokunye ..

Njengoba isitho sezinzwa umbono kubaluleke ngokukhethekile, ngoba ngaphandle izithombe egqamile, ukuphila kuba yisicefe futhi ungakujabulisi. Linikeza 90% ulwazi kwemvelo.

Eye - isitho obonayo, okuyinto akukaqondwa ngokugcwele, kodwa namanje umqondo ngakho nokwakheka khona. Futhi yilokhu kuzoya ke kulesi sihloko.

Anatomy futhi physiology uhlaka umbono

Ake sibheke konke ukuze.

Uhlaka emehlweni yeso ngamangqamuzana ezinzwa optic nemizimba ezithile osizayo. I inhlamvu yeso has simise eyindilinga, ngokuvamile enkulu ngobukhulu (ngentengo yaso omdala ~ 7.5 cubic amasentimitha). It has izigxobo ezimbili: front futhi bakhulise. Siqukethe core ezakhiwe amagobolondo ezintathu okuyinto: liner fibrous kanye vasculature-retina (noma intima). Lena anatomy isitho mbono. Manje ingxenye ngayinye ngokuningiliziwe.

enamathela fibrous esweni

Udonga lwangaphandle nucleus siqukethe sclera, ikhadi misa, uzigcinele ulwelwesi zezinzwa futhi cornea, esobala ayizindunduma ingxenye amehlo elingenalo imithambo yegazi. I-cornea cishe 1 mm ukujiya kanye mayelana 12 mm ububanzi.

Ngezansi idayagramu elibonisa umbono Sectional zomzimba. Kuningi ungabona lapho kukhona eyodwa noma enye ingxenye yeso.

choroid

Eyesibili igama igobolondo le-nucleus - the choroid. Itholakala ngokuqondile ngaphansi sclera, lugcwele imithambo yegazi kanye inezingxenye 3: iningi choroid kanye iris futhi ciliary umzimba iso.

I choroid inethiwekhi aminyene ekhipha igazi enhliziyweni nelifakayo, munye. Phakathi kwabo kuba okuxekethile fibrous ezicutshini ecebile ngokubhekisela amaseli ezinkulu sombala.

choroid Front ngokushelela emzimbeni ciliary a uqweqwe ukuma annular. ngenhloso eyakhelwe - yokuhlala esweni. Isekela umzimba ciliary, lens ithumba futhi elula. It liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: yangaphakathi (ciliary umqhele) kanye yangaphandle (ciliary umbuthano).

Kusukela Plana Izig lens 70 ukunweba ciliary izinqubo ubude mayelana 2 mm. K-spikes enamathiselwe Zinn fibre izinyanda (ciliary ibhande) eza lens iso.

Ciliary band cishe yonke imisipha ciliary. Uma ungenwa, lens is waqonda futhi likwazi ukuncishiswa, ngemva kwalokho-ke iqhubu (kanye nayo amandla yezokubona) luyanda, futhi kukhona yokuhlala.

Ngenxa yokuthi emangqamuzaneni yoma ciliary imisipha lapho usukhulile futhi endaweni yawo zikhona zezinzwa izicubu amaseli, yokuhlala siba sibi futhi ithuthukisa ezikude kuphela. Kulokhu, umzimba okubi ubhekana imisebenzi yayo, lapho umuntu ezama cabanga yini eseduze.

iris

Iris esiyindilinga disk Umumo imbobo phakathi nendawo - Umfundi. Itholakala phakathi lens futhi cornea.

Esikhathini ungqimba semithambo iris bunemisipha ezimbili. Eyokuqala amafomu suzhivatel (sphincter) we umfundi; wesibili, kunalokho, umfundi yandisa.

Lokho inani melanin e iris kuncike umbala kwamehlo akhe. ongakhetha Photo inamathelisiwe ngezansi.

Lo mbala esingemnandi iris - the ukuxegiselwa umbala amehlo. Authority yokufeza imisebenzi yayo efanayo kungakhathaliseki umbala iris.

iso Ubumpunga oluhlaza futhi kusho okuncane kuphela melanin.

Umbala omnyama samehlo, isithombe ngenhla, kusikisela ukuthi ezingeni melanin e iris okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Okungaphakathi (photosensitive) igobolondo

I-retina kuyinto adherent ngokuphelele choroid. Lakhiwa izingcezu ezimbili: i yangaphandle (sombala) futhi kwangaphakathi (photosensitive).

I photosensitive desyatisloynoy igobolondo trehneyronnye isehlane emelelwa photoreceptor olwelwesini radially ngamakhasimende uchungechunge associative ganglion maphakathi kanye izingqimba kwangaphakathi.

Ngaphandle exhunywe ungqimba choroid lamaseli sombala EPITHELIAL, okuyizinto eduze nabo ungqimba izinduku kanye Izigaxa. Labo nezinye - hhayi nje izinqubo neuropathy (noma Axon) ka photoreceptor amaseli (namangqamuzana ezinzwa mina).

Ama-rod yakhiwa izingxenye kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle. Kumiswa mithandazo esebenzisa double ulwelwesi akwazi ukugcina, okuyizinto emphethweni plasma ulwelwesi. Izigaxa zihlukaniswa ubuningi (bona makhulu) kanye nesimo ngemoto.

Ngo-retina, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu Izigaxa, uyedwa uhlobo izinti. Isibalo izinduku bengase bazikhandlele 70 million, noma nakakhulu, kuyilapho Isigaxa - abayizigidi ezingu 5-7 kuphela.

Njengoba sekushiwo, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu Izigaxa. Ngamunye wabo ethatha lowehlukile: okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu noma ophuzi.

Sticks futhi kudingeka ukuba ngiziqonde ulwazi mayelana into ukuma ukukhanya egumbini lakho.

Kusukela ngamunye amaseli photoreceptor isuka isithasiselo mncane esiyingxenye synapse (lapho izinzwa ezimbili baxhumane) nomunye izinzwa okuguquguqukayo neseleko (namangqamuzana ezinzwa II). Kwakamuva sokudlulisa excitation kakade emikhulu ganglion amaseli (namangqamuzana ezinzwa III). Axons (izinqubo) amaseli akha emsipheni optic.

lens

Lokhu crystal esobala biconvex lens 7-10 mm ububanzi. It has no imizwa noma imithambo yegazi. Ngaphansi kwethonya lens ciliary imisipha uyakwazi ukushintsha ukwakheka kwalo. Kuyinto lezi zinguquko esime lens kanye abizwa ngokuthi yokuhlala esweni. Lapho ukufakwa akude umbono lens isicaba, futhi embonweni eduze - iyakhula.

Bekanye Vitreous lens yakha iso ukukhanya-refracting ophansi.

umzimba Vitreous

Bagcwalisa sonke isikhala etholakalayo phakathi retina kanye lens. It has a crystalline isakhiwo jelly-like.

Isakhiwo emzimbeni ikhamera iyafana isimiso zedivayisi. Lo mfundi udlala indima diaphragm, olugcwele noma ukwandisa kuncike ukukhanyisa. Njengoba lens - Vitreous kanye lens. imisebe yokukhanya iwe kuyi-retina, kodwa isithombe ziphenywe phandle.

Ngenxa abezindaba photorefractive (ngaleyo ndlela lens nomzimba Vitreous) wokukhanya ewela endaweni ophuzi kuyi-retina, okuyinto engcono umbono ndawo. Cone nama-rod ukukhanyisa amagagasi senziwe kuphela ngemva kokuba kudlule lonke ukushuba ngwengwzi.

yokuhamba

Locomotion iso benza striated imisipha rectus 4 (aphansi, engenhla, ezilingene medial) kanye ezimbili etshekile (aphansi kanye engenhla). Rectus imisipha banesibopho kufika ithuba lika-yeso ohlangothini olufanele, futhi etshekile - I-ugucuke eksisi sagittal. Movement of kokubili izinhlamvu zamehlo zokuvumelanisa kuphela ngoba imisipha.

nezinkophe

Skin nesibaya injongo - ukuze kukhawulwe ZaseLaki palpebral futhi ukuyivala ngesikhathi Ukuvalwa, ukuvikela phambi yeso. Kuzo zonke izindawo yobudala imayelana 75 nemivimbo engu, ogama njongo - ukuvikela inhlamvu yeso ukuxhumana lezinto angaphandle.

Cishe kanye njalo ngemva kwemizuzwana engu 5-10 umuntu ° ng.

ama-apharathasi lacrimal

It siqukethe le ndlala lacrimal kanye uhlelo lacrimal. Izinyembezi iwukudambisa nezilwanyana ezincane kanye bakwazi moisten conjunctiva. Tearless iso conjunctiva futhi cornea ngabe wawoma kalula, futhi le ndoda ngabe zamhambela abayizimpumputhe.

I nezindlala lacrimal ukukhiqiza nsuku zonke cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi namamililitha ngafikelwa izinyembezi. Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: abesifazane ukukhala kakhulu ukudlula amadoda, ngoba ukukhululwa uketshezi izinyembezi ikhuthaza i-hormone prolactin (lapho amantombazane okuningi).

Ngokuyinhloko izinyembezi liqukethe amanzi lelicuketse 0.5%-albumin, i-sodium 1.5% chloride, i isikhwehlela kancane futhi lysozyme, okuyinto has a isinyathelo amagciwane. It has a ukuphendula kancane ane-alikhali.

Isakhiwo Iso lomuntu: isikimu

Asithathe sihlolisise anatomy isitho umbono esebenzisa imidwebo.

Lesi sibalo sikhombisa schematically engxenyeni phezulu umzimba ekubukeni ovundlile kwesigamu. lapha:

1 - umsipha rectus phakathi imisipha;

2 - ikhamera yasemuva;

3 - cornea;

4 - Umfundi;

5 - lens;

6 - ikhamera yaphambili;

7 - iris;

8 - conjunctiva;

9 - umsipha imisipha oqondile lateral;

10 - Vitreous;

11 - the sclera;

12 - choroid;

13 - retina;

14 - ophuzi endaweni;

15 - emsipheni optic;

imithambo yegazi retina - 16.

Lesi sibalo sikhombisa isakhiwo kwendikimba retina. Umcibisholo ubonisa isiqondiso ugongolo ukukhanya. Izinombolo zabhalwa

1 - sclera;

2 - choroid;

3 - amaseli esikhunjeni retina;

4 - Izinduku;

5 - Izigaxa;

6 - amaseli ovundlile;

7 - amaseli okuguquguqukayo;

8 - amaseli amacrine;

9 - ganglion amaseli;

10 - fibre optic nerve.

Lesi sibalo sikhombisa umdwebo i-eksisi optical iso:

1 - into;

2 - i-cornea;

3 - Umfundi;

4 - iris;

5 - lens;

6 - iphuzu elisemqoka;

7 - Image.

Yini umzimba?

Njengoba sekushiwo, umbono womuntu ithumela cishe u-90% ulwazi mayelana kwezwe elisizungezile. Ngaphandle kwayo, umhlaba ubuyoba uhlobo olufanayo futhi ungakujabulisi.

Uhlaka Umbono ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi hhayi ngokugcwele kuqondwe bohlahleli. Ngisho nanamuhla, ngezinye izikhathi ososayensi unemibuzo mayelana nesakhiwo kanye injongo yale umzimba.

Imisebenzi esemqoka ohlakeni umbono - Umbono ukukhanya, izinhlobo emhlabeni, izinto isikhundla emkhathini, nokunye ..

Khanyisa zingabangela nezinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi kwe-retina, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, i-umfutho enele izinhlaka umbono. Kukholakala ukuthi owokuqala beqonda ukucasuka rhodopsin.

Iningi qualitative okuqonda sibonwa inikezwa isithombe into kuyokwehlela phezu indawo i-retina, mhlawumbe kwimbobo APC. Lapho ziqhubeka kusukela maphakathi projection isithombe into, ngakho-ke akwaziwa kahle. Njalo is physiology uhlaka umbono.

izifo Eye

Ake sibheke ezinye izifo iso ezivamile.

1. Hyperopia. Eyesibili igama sifo - hyperopia. Umuntu nale nobunzima isifo ngibona izinto ukuthi sekuseduze. Ngokuvamile kunzima ukufunda, sisebenze izinto ezincane. Ngokuvamile eba abantu, kodwa kungase futhi avele intsha. Ngokuphelele ukwelapha hyperopia angasebenzisa kuphela ukungenela opretsionnogo.
2. Myopia (obizwa nangokuthi myopia). Lesi sifo libhekene ukungakwazi ukubona kahle izinto kungaphelele kude.
3. I-glaucoma - anda ingcindezi intraocular. Kwenzeka ngenxa uketshezi kwegazi iziyaluyalu esweni. It is ngemithi, kodwa ukuhlinzwa kungadingwa kwezinye izimo.
4. Cataract - hhayi ukuthi abanye, ukuhlukumeza obala we lens iso. Siza ukuqeda lesi sifo kuphela ophthalmologist. Kudinga ukuhlinzwa, lapho umbono womuntu ingabuyiswa.
5. Izifo ukuvuvukala. Lezi zihlanganisa conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, nabanye. Ngamunye wabo ngendlela yalo kuyingozi futhi has zokwelapha ezahlukene: ezinye ingelapheka ngemithi, futhi abanye lapho imisebenzi yokusiza kuphela.

isifo Prevention

Into yokuqala okudingeka sikukhumbule ukuthi amehlo akho futhi edinga ukuphumula, futhi umsebenzi ngokweqile okuhle ngeke kuholele.

Sebenzisa kuphela eliphezulu ukukhanyisa amandla isibani Watts 60 100.

Ukwenza umzimba esengeziwe amehlo, futhi okungenani kudlule luhlolo ngu kudokotela wezifo zamehlo kanye ngonyaka.

Khumbula ukuthi imizimba isifo samehlo - Uyingozi kakhulu kuya izinga lokuphila kwakho.