Russian eziyinkimbinkimbi umshini-ekwakheni

Umshini wokwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi iqoqo othize izimboni, imikhiqizo engama imishini ezahlukene kanye nezindlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it libhekene kumiswa ubudlelwano eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Umshini eziyinkimbinkimbi kabani isakhiwo lisabalele, kuhlanganisa oqondile isiqoqi sama-softwe futhi ngensimbi. Imikhiqizo yalesi eziyinkimbinkimbi inendima enkulu ukuqaliswa impumelelo zakamuva yesayensi yanamuhla nobuchwepheshe. Futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso ngoba zonke izindawo emnothweni.

Isakhiwo sphere ubunjiniyela

Lokhu umkhakha enkulu eziyinkimbinkimbi osinikeza zomculo umnotho wezwe kanye nemishini. Ukuze labantu uveza ezihlukahlukene impahla. Isakhiwo umshini wokwakha kuhlanganisa ukulungisa imishini kanye imishini, kanye nensimbi. Isici ngaye iwukujulisa lunye zokukhiqiza kanye ukunwetshwa njalo Ububanzi bemisebenzi.

Isakhiwo umshini wokwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi kuhlanganisa phezu kwamagatsha ayisikhombisa. Konke lokhu ziqoqwa ngokuvumelana uya khona imikhiqizo, ukufana izinqubo kanye nezinhlobo izinto zokusetshenziswa kusetshenziswe.

Isakhiwo umshini wokwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi kuhlanganisa:

1. Amandla kanye umkhakha esindayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa energy, izinto handling nezimayini, umsebenzi wokunyathelisa nokuthutha imishini zenuzi, enqoleni, turbino- nokwakha esitimela.
2. Machine, unesibopho kukhicita tinhlobo ezihlukahlukene umshini amathuluzi.
3. Ezokuthutha ubunjiniyela, ehlanganisa umkhakha ukwenziwa izimoto imikhumbi, kanye okuhlobene zezindiza kanye nezindiza mkhathi ensimini.
4. izixaxa futhi umshini ipulazi.
5. Instrumentation, ubunjiniyela kagesi kanye electronics okukhipha, okukholelwa ukuthi ingeka olunembile isiqoqi sama-softwe.
6. Impikiswano imishini nemishini ukudla umkhakha ukukhanya.

Ngaphandle amayunithi ngenhla zihlanganisa ezincane ubunjiniyela eziyinkimbinkimbi yokusansimbi, ukukhiqizwa ugingqe futhi ukwenza steel. Le nqubo wenziwa Foundries. Lezi zindawo zitholakala endaweni umshini noma amabhizinisi ezikhethekile. Uveza nginyathela, ekubunjweni, ekwakheni futhi weldments.

ubunjiniyela esindayo

Zonke izitshalo afakiwe kule mboni, ngezimiso eziphakeme ukusetshenziswa metal. Ngesikhathi esifanayo zinika imishini ezidingekayo kanye nemishini ye ibhizinisi ezihlobene izimayini futhi amakhemikhali, izimayini, amafutha kanye namandla futhi izakhiwo Metallurgical.

izitshalo imishini esindayo yizici, izingxenye (isibonelo, imiqulu ensimbi for kweqa Izigayo), kanye nemishini ngomumo eyenziwe (abaphehla ugesi, boilers, abembayo, imishini nezimayini). Njengengxenye umkhakha aseyishumi sub-imikhakha. Phakathi kwabo, abaphatha, ukuthatha uhambo, athomu, ukunyathelisa, izimayini kanye zobunjiniyela Metallurgical, kanye dizele-, enqoleni, ugesi kanye nokwakhiwa Boiler.

Inani eliphakeme imikhiqizo ku esindayo imishini umkhakha ekhiqizwa ukukhiqizwa imishini Metallurgical. Basuke ifakwe kagesi sokuncibilikisa futhi ukuvunguza amaziko, futhi izitshalo Sinter. Izindleko eziphezulu zokuthola futhi imishini ezahlukene ngoba ichoboza futhi igaya kanye kweqa ukukhiqizwa.

Imikhiqizo kwemayini imishini wamabhizinisi amayunithi osetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukukhiqizwa (ngendlela evulekile kanye evaliwe), sitfutfukise lwati kubafundzi namaminerali kwasani kokuba isakhiwo esiqinile. Lezi zihlanganisa ukwelashwa amanzi futhi ihlanganisa izimayini, ukuhamba kanye ebhakedeni-wheel ukumbiwa. imishini efanayo esetshenziswa ku-non-ayoni futhi ayoni yokusansimbi, amalahle kanye chemical izimboni kanye womshini zokwakha.

ukubaluleka Omkhulu yezomnotho kazwelonke has imikhiqizo oluqanjwe phansi-na-ezokuthutha zobunjiniyela. Phela, njengoba imishini enjalo abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezinhlanu ukusebenza eRussia. Lokhu sub-indastri ekhiqizwa Cranes kagesi kanye emkhathini wezulu, ithi elihambayo futhi zokuthutha umile, kanye nemishini ye-imishini olunzulu nendawo yokugcina izincwadi.

Ukukhiqizwa kwamakalishi, isakhiwo esitimela iklanyelwe ukunikeza ezingeni izitimela ezidingekile ke. Lokhu nezindaba sub-indastri namalungiselelo adingekayo ukuze wesitimela Welding, kuvuleke, iqhwa ukususwa kanye nezinye umsebenzi travel.

Njengoba for ukwakhiwa ophephela, inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukuhlomisa nezinto ezidingekayo amandla wemboni komnotho. Mills lokhu subsector yesifunda etholakalayo wokubacindezela kanye zenuzi, izitshalo amandla ezishisayo kanye negesi ophephela. Yena unesibopho ukuhlonyiselwa main igesi ahamba ukunikezela umjovo, kokucindezelwa futhi udoti lokubolekwa asetshenziswe petroleum namakhemikhali izimboni, kanye yokusansimbi ayoni futhi non-ayoni.

izitshalo ubunjiniyela zenuzi ngokukhethekile ukukhiqizwa kwe ezihlukahlukene nemishini enuzi izitshalo amandla. Lolu hlu lufaka kanye ithangi sikhungo.
Umqulu ubuncane ukukhiqizwa kuyahluka ukuphrinta imishini. amabhizinisi zayo zakha zokuthutha for abanyathelisi, imishini yokunyathelisa nokunye. D.

ukwakhiwa umshini-ithuluzi

Imboni ekhiqiza eziyinkimbinkimbi umshini-ekwakheni:

- ithuluzi ngezinsimbi;
- imishini cindezela-UKWAKHA;
- umshini amathuluzi;
- Woodworking imishini.

Ngaphezu ekhishwa imikhiqizo siphelile, kule mboni futhi obangela ukulungisa eyodwa amayunithi, esetshenziselwa metal.

zokuthutha ubunjiniyela

Kwelinye lamagatsha ayo iyona umkhakha zezindiza. Ukuze womshini imikhiqizo usebenzisa izinto futhi ezihlukahlukene imishini ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi amabhizinisi cishe wonke amagatsha isiqoqi sama-softwe. On the izimboni zezindiza umkhakha abathintekayo onjiniyela abangongoti kakhulu futhi abasebenzi esikhiqiza izimpahla ezindizeni ezithwala. Ngalezi izinkampani zokuthutha nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane zokuguqulwa ahlukahlukene.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-rocket isikhala umkhakha kukhona rocket esemkhathini nemikhumbi bavimba imigwaqo kanye nohlobo imoto. Kulezi izimoto, ihlanganisa kahle ubuchwepheshe okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye ezibanzi imikhakha ukukhiqizwa ehlangene.

Shipbuilding umkhakha kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni yayo semali metal. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, ukubekwa yabo owenziwa ngayo ezingxenyeni base enkulu Metallurgical. Lokhu kungenxa ubunzima obukhulu yezokuthutha izimoto isiqedile. Shipbuilding umkhakha abanobuntu eziningi ubambisane izimboni emikhakheni eminingi yomnotho. Lokhu kuvumela phezu ezokuthutha amanzi kusho ukufakwa imishini ehlukahlukene.

Elikhulu kunawo wonke umkhakha umshini wokwakha kuyinto embonini yezimoto. Ake ukukhiphele uthola isicelo yayo kuyo yonke imikhakha emnothweni kazwelonke. Izimoto bayindlala e ukuhweba iimfesi.

Ugandaganda epulazini umshini

Lokhu umkhakha libhekene lunye izingxenye. Ngo inqubo womshini imikhiqizo yayo abathintekayo inombolo encane izitshalo akhiqiza izingxenye yesifunda neyesigodi izigaba inqubo.

Ugandaganda futhi imishini yezolimo kwabavuni ekhiqizwa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Lezi zihlanganisa lnouborochnye futhi ihlanganisa, pickers ukotini kanye Ummbila, amazambane kanye nezinye imishini. Ikhishwa ku namafemu umkhakha kanye ukuhlela kabusha ezihlukahlukene tractor ezinamasondo kanye zilandelwa.

Wensimbi Nezimboni kagesi

Imikhiqizo oluqanjwe amabhizinisi yalezi amagatsha, kuyahluka akanamandla futhi ukusetshenziswa impahla. Nokho, ikhishwe kuyadingeka ukuze ukhethe izisebenzi ezinekhono nabasebenzi bocwaningo.

Izitshalo enze instrumentation isethaphu kanye ukufakwa imishini ezishintshayo. imisebenzi yabo ihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa software, umklamo kanye ukukhiqizwa yezokwelapha amadivayisi, amawashi, ihhovisi imishini futhi instrumentation. imikhiqizo ezinjalo ubuchwepheshe okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi isetshenziselwa othomathikhi inqubo control kanye zezokwazisa.

Ngesikhathi izitshalo Russian kufakwe kagesi ubunjiniyela umkhakha, okwamanje likhiqiza eziyikhulu amagama imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.

Le mikhiqizo uthole isicelo zabo cishe yonke imikhakha emnothweni kazwelonke. Umthamo imikhiqizo oluqanjwe embonini kagesi uyisilwane inani imikhiqizo zazo eyenziwe yonke imikhakha heavy ubunjiniyela ekuhlanganisweni. Ububanzi eziyisisekelo imikhiqizo efana emelelwa ugesi kuya wokubacindezela, igesi kanye umusi abaphehla ugesi kanye izinjini, imishini kagesi, Transformers futhi converters, electrothermal, electrofusion futhi imishini ukukhanyisa.

isiqoqi sama-softwe ukudla nokukhanya umkhakha

Kulomkhakha ukukhiqizwa kuhlanganisa sub-imikhakha akhiqiza nemishini ukunitha textile, nezicathulo lezigqoko, uboya kanye lesikhumba, ukudla endaweni yezomnotho. Indawo Geographical zezitshalo ezifana incike ukusondela ukuba umthengi.

Indima emnothweni kazwelonke

Inani umshini wokwakha umkhakha ayikwazi babenesibindi esikhulu. Phela, leli umkhakha ingenye ehola Russian umkhakha esindayo. Ngesikhathi amabhizinisi lokhu wemboni kudala mass main futhi kunazo asebenzayo we kwezimali ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi, okuhlanganisa amathuluzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziyinkimbinkimbi umshini-ukwakha has a elikhulu isiqondiso ijubane ukuthuthukiswa intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, ukubaluleka zomsebenzi umkhiqizo ukukhula, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi ezithinta nekusebenta ukukhiqizwa.

Yonke ivolumu imikhiqizo eyenziwe Russian umshini-ukwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuyinto engaphezu kweyodwa ingxenye yesithathu yabo bonke imikhiqizo lezimpahla ekhiqizwa kuleli zwe. Ngesikhathi amabhizinisi of lo mkhakha umnotho ziqasha 2/5 wezisebenzi Imininingwane zezimboni ukukhiqizwa. Iphinde efakwe cishe ingxenye yesine yazo zonke izimpahla fixed bemvelo zezimboni ezitholakalayo ezweni lakini.

Kubalulekile ukuba sazise ubunjiniyela eziyinkimbinkimbi emphilweni ezindaweni ezinkulu yeRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingeni yentuthuko lezi amabhizinisi incike ukuthuthukiswa yonke imikhakha emnothweni kazwelonke. Indima isiqoqi sama-softwe futhi ekuqinisekiseni ikhono ukuzivikela waseRussia.

Izici ezithinta ukusatshalaliswa amabhizinisi

Russian umshini-ukwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi has ezibanzi ukuxhumana nezinye izinhlaka zesifundazwe. Kodwa ngalé kwalokho, lokhu kumiswa enezinto eziningi izici ezivelele. Kufanele kukhunjulwe lapho obeka izimboni ezahlukene endaweni ethize.

Okokuqala, i-engineering umkhakha mechanical ziye zasungula lunye. Ngamanye amazwi, amabhizinisi abo basuke bagxila ukukhiqizwa eyodwa noma, okungenani, a izinhlobo ezimbalwa imikhiqizo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona emakamu eliphezulu. Lena into isiqoqi sama-softwe, ukukhiqizwa imikhiqizo siphelile lapho wahlanganyela yizinkampani ezimbalwa ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, lesi sitshalo imoto. imikhiqizo yayo kuphela into yokuhamba.

Iyadingeka Ukuze ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto noma izingxenye isitshalo enjalo uthola ngomumo eyenziwe namanye amabhizinisi, inani okungaba mikhulu. Lokhu isici has nomthelela obalulekile nokubekwa eziyinkimbinkimbi umshini-ekwakheni, okuyinto kubalulekile ukuba link ezinhle ezokuthutha. Yingakho abaningi embonini yale wemboni komnotho basesimweni iVolga esifundeni kanye emaphakathi neRussia. Ngempela, lezi zindawo kukhona evuthiwe zokuthutha inethiwekhi.

I geography eyinkimbinkimbi umshini-ekwakheni yeRussia, iholwa ukukhululwa imikhiqizo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi innovative (electronics kanye umsakazo ubunjiniyela), ixhunyaniswe ucwaningo umfutho isici. Yingakho lezi izimboni itholakala eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, Novosibirsk, nokunye. D. Lokho eduze izindawo lapho kwabekwa nesisekelo esingokwesayensi ithuthukiswe kahle.

Umshini wokwakha umkhakha, ogama imikhiqizo abahlangene isici samasosha amasu, njengoba umthetho, ngendlela amadolobha "avaliwe". It Snezhinsk, Novouralsk, Sarov, nabanye. Ngezinye izikhathi lo mbukiso yi- etholakala eduze elisekela ezempi.

Umshini-ukwakha izici eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni yayo, futhi kuhlanganisa khona inombolo ethize kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe. Ngakho, izimboni eziningi okhandlayo ezibhekwa umshini-ithuluzi nensimbi yomculo. Yingakho imikhiqizo enjalo ibekwe ezindaweni ne okuhlushwa eliphakeme labantu, okungukuthi e Moscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, nokunye D..

Ngenkathi kwakhiwa amabhizinisi ubunjiniyela esindayo zaba ukusetshenziswa kwabo okukhulu impahla. Okukhiphayo kulezi izimboni zidinga eziningi zensimbi. Kuphela uma kungenzeka ukukhipha isitokwe Metallurgical futhi imishini amandla. Lezi zinkampani zitholakala esifundeni esise-Ural (Ekaterinburg), eSiberia (Krasnoyarsk, e-Irkutsk). Lokhu kungenxa ekhona kulezi ziyingi isizinda esikhulu Metallurgical. Kwesinye isikhathi esindayo ubunjiniyela ibhizinisi ngamakhasimende ku izinto zokusetshenziswa amazwe. Zikhona Petersburg.

Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo izimoto, ukufunwa okuyinto libhekene ezifundeni ezimbalwa kuphela. Lokhu kusebenza, isibonelo, ogandaganda ukuthekelisa izingodo kanye yefilakisi kwabavuni. inqubo enjalo akulula ukuba ezokuthutha, ngakho-ke, kungcono kakhulu kwenziwa lapho kukhona isidingo ke.

nobunzima abanolwazi

Ukuthuthukiswa umshini wokwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi nge 90-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule, kuye kwalinciphisa kakhulu amazinga abo. Ezinye zalezi zinkampani umane shaqa, kuyilapho abanye ziyancipha kakhulu amavolumu ukukhiqizwa. Ikakhulukazi ukwehla kwenani imikhiqizo Izimboni wokwakha imishini, imishini yezolimo, kanye imikhiqizo ngokunemba zobunjiniyela. Sasiyini isizathu esiyinhloko le nqubo? Walala e ikhwalithi embi imikhiqizo yethu, okuyinto akakwazanga ancintisane imikhiqizo amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokuphindela eSoviet Union kwakukhona break phakathi kwabaqashi nabasebenzi ukuthi ngaphambili obabukhona phakathi republic yezwe.

Izinkinga isiqoqi sama-softwe zihlanganiswe bafake kakhudlwana futhi izinyembezi kwemishini. Ngokwezibalo, ifinyelela cishe 70%. Lokhu eziyimbangela likhona vertoleto- kanye shipbuilding, kanye electronics. Isilinganiso sobudala imishini in the izitshalo umshini wokwakha cishe engu-20 edlule. Akunakwenzeka ukusebenzisa inqubo ukukhiqizwa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Namuhla, amagatsha amaningi ubunjiniyela kudinga sesimanje ezinkulu imishini. Kuphela kuleli cala, imikhiqizo yabo iyoba wokuncintisana emakethe.

Ukuba negalelo okubi kakhulu kwesimo, izinkampani abaningi bezinye izizwe. Ifinyelela inhliziyo emakethe yethu, izinkampani ezifana ukwandisa ezingeni wokuncintisana.

Enye inkinga enkulu iba ukungabi khona imishini umkhakha izisebenzi. Lokho uhlelo ukuqeqeshwa wezisebenzi, obabukhona e-USSR, wayemane ubhujiswe. Kuze kube manje, engu-izisebenzi ezinekhono kakade esondela umhlalaphansi. Ngenxa Ukushoda okukhulu kwabantu abasebenzi abasha kakhulu ebambezela inqubo sesimanje ukukhiqizwa umshini-ekwakheni. Kodwa lesi simo esidabukisayo liyathuthuka kancane sibonga amaphrojekthi utshalomali. Yakhelwe futhi kakade wakha izitshalo ezintsha, kwenziwe kabusha amabhizinisi ubudala, ukuthuthukisa entsha futhi abuyiselwe ubudlelwane nga pre-existing ukukhiqizwa.