Uyini lokushisa umnkantsha we utshwala?

Ngokuhambisana definition jikelele, kwezinga-qhwa iyona lokushisa ukwedlulela into besesimweni uketshezi okuqinile. Lesi sici kuxhomeke kulokho izidakamizwa is selehlile (ukwakheka) futhi ngasiphi ingcindezi, njengoba ayanda ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa okokuqandisa ephakeme. Ingqikithi kunazo owaziwa ukuthi uvame idluliselwe kusuka uketshezi nalokho okuqinile vice amanzi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amanzi avamile eba eqhweni zero degrees Nokho, i-Celsius, ultrapure H ₂ O ngesitsha esihlanzekile kungenzeka uketshezi futhi frost ezinzima, kanye ulwandle, ehlanganisa sebuningini nosawoti.

Okunye uketshezi namaleveli ahlukahlukene ukusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, utshwala okokuqandisa ukhombe ephansi kakhulu kunalokho metric okufanayo amanzi avamile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lokhu okubalulekile lunesibalo aphansi.

Sekukonke kukhona amaqembu amaningana alcohols, ngamunye ephethe impahla yayo siqu ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali. Namuhla, bayizithunywa amakilasi alandelayo:

- kuye ngenani lamaqembu hydroxyl (kusuka monohydric ukuba alcohols polyhydric) ;

- kuncike kanjani te hydrocarbon substituent (unsaturated, umkhawulo, elimnandi);

- kuncike eyindilinga hydrocarbon substituent (alicyclic, eyindilinga);

- inani substituents ngesikhathi athomu-alpha-carbon (primary - ephakeme).

Ngokwesibonelo, qhwa ka methanol utshwala, eziphathelene monohydric kuyinto lokususa 97 degrees celsius futhi cyclohexanol - mayelana lokususa 42 ° ^C. Nokho, iningi izinjini livela nombuzo mayelana izakhiwo ketshezi, ingxenye utshwala. Amazinga okokuqandisa ka ETHYL utshwala (ethanol) kuyinto lokususa 114 degrees Celsius. Le mpahla isetshenziswa ekhaya ukugqamisa ingxenye utshwala uphuzo utshwala ukuze "wandise ngezinga", kanye ukwenziwa ebusika "nezamerzayki" izimoto. Abanye abashayeli ingezwe ku-izixazululo ingilazi-ethanol yohlobo ehlobo, noma exutshwe namanzi ngezabelo ezithile.

Qaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke ketshezi kule kilasi esimweni okuqinile kuphela Ukupholisa enamandla kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, utshwala okokuqandisa iphuzu phenyl carbinol (Gcoba i-Benzyl utshwala elimnandi) kuyinto lokususa 15 ° ^C.

Uma kwenzeka ube nentshisekelo Ukwahlukaniswa thermometer ungabona ukuthi kukhona thermometer, egijima ku utshwala ezisekelwe. okungukuthi esikhundleni mshini ngogesi noma idivayisi liqukethe mercury otshwaleni. Lezi thermometer zivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa lapho kuyadingeka ukukala izinga lokushisa aphansi e imvelo yasekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, eSiberia, lapho yesithwathwa njalo kuze kube 50-60 degrees. Lapha thermometer abavamile abakwazi isebenze kahle ngoba mercury okokuqandisa lokushisa imayelana lokususa 38 ^° C Funda ngalokho onakho thermometer, ungakwazi imibala kukholomu thermometer. Uma kuwukuthi nesiliva, mercury ngaphakathi. Kodwa bar ebomvu ibonisa isixazululo utshwala anombala. thermometer ezinjalo zivame asetshenziswa ukukala okushisa zangaphandle. Ngisho noma emgwaqweni kuyoba -45 ^{° C,} iyunithi ngeke zingafezeki, ngoba utshwala lokushisa okokuqandisa lingaphansi kakhulu.