Graphite: kwabantu, izakhiwo, isicelo izici nezinhlobo

Graphite kuyinto into ezenzeka ngokwemvelo. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu nokulungiswa carbon, okuyinto libhekene crystal ngehele ethize. Lokhu kubangela izakhiwo emimoya graphite. Emvelweni, carbon itholakala izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko. Lokhu-graphite futhi idayimane. ifomula yabo kumakhemikhali ezifanayo, kodwa izakhiwo eziphathekayo kakhulu ezahlukene.

Kuyinto isakhiwo eheleni crystal inomthelela kulezi zici. It has electron khulula enquma Izakhiwo we ketshezi. Graphite, ukuminyana, uhlobo nezinga lombiko okuyizinto ezithakazelisayo ezihlukahlukene izimboni, kuhle ukucabangela kabanzi.

izakhiwo Key

Graphite iyona grey ndaba nge ucwebezela ngendlela ekhangayo metallic. It has a conductivity eliphezulu ezishisayo (3.55 W / deg. / Cm). Ngenxa yalokhu-graphite ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa kulezo zimboni. Lena ephakeme kunaleyo kwezitini, ngenxa yokubakhona electron mobile eheleni crystal. Futhi ukunyusa conductivity ezinhle kagesi. Kuzo zonke zithi wokuhlanganisa ejenti ke elinesimo ongaphakeme ukumelana wamanje (ohms 0.4 kuya 0.6).

Graphite kuyinto nemiyo inert okuyinto akuyona oncibilikayo izingxenye esisheshayo. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma lingena imvelo we metal oncibilikisiwe nge okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuvala abacaphuni. Graphite ezimweni ezinjalo Incibilikile ngokuphelele, ukwakha carbides.

A ongaphakeme Coefficient friction kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuma kubangele ezinhle izinga ukubekwa uphawu. Graphite Wugqinsi (kg / M3) kuyinto 2.23. Kodwa le nto kahle izimisele wanquma.

isakhiwo

Uma sicabangela lokho kwabantu graphite, kanye izakhiwo kanye ukubukwa, kubalulekile ukuba banake oyiyo. Le into egqinsiwe. Its carbon ama-athomu wahlela crystalline eheleni: efana lezinyosi. Hexagon e isendlalelo esisodwa sisondelene nomunye. Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi ngalinye level ibuthakathaka. Lesi sici kwenza kube lula ukuba aphule graphite.

Ngokwe- Mohs nobulukhuni okokusebenza lingana kuze fike. Uma kuqhathaniswa, idayimane, lesi sibalo 10, futhi stoneware - 5. At lokushisa 1500 ° C, ngokososayensi ucwaningo, wathi eheleni crystal graphite is kuguquka idayimane.

Phakathi kwenqubo yezimboni ekushintsheni isakhiwo ketshezi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo emabangeni ehlukene graphite zinqunywa impahla ukungalingani. Uma into oyifundayo ayivelanga eyayenziwe kusetshenzwe, engokwemvelo uhlobo izidakamizwa.

graphite yemvelo

Graphite, ukuminyana futhi izakhiwo zazo zihluke kakhulu Kuye brand ye umenzi, ngaphansi zemvelo izimo kwenzeka ezimbili eziyinhloko ezahlukeneyo. Uhlobo lokuqala ubizwa ngokuthi olunezinhlangothi. It has a ngehele crystal lapho Atoms ngamunye ungqimba isigamu itholakala ngaphansi nangaphezulu maphakathi iheksagoni.

Ukuguqulwa Okwesibili - rhombohedral. Njalo wesine ephinda ungqimba wokuqala. Lokhu ukuguqulwa ngokwemvelo itholakala kuphela njengoba ukungcola. Uma imfuyo ukufuthelana ezingeni lokushisa 2500-3300 K ke crystal yayo ngehele uguqulwe olunezinhlangothi. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, okokusebenza kwande kuleli fomu.

isakhiwo

Esifana nesikaNkulunkulu, graphite okungukuthi neze ezitholakala zalo ezihlanzekile fomu. Iqukethe inani kahle esikhulu umlotha (ngezinye izikhathi afinyelela ku-20%). Yakhiwa sebuningini ezahlukene compounds (Feo, MgO, Cuo, Cao nokunye okunjalo. D.). Ukuze 2% ngesisindo graphite zemvelo ongama amagesi. Kungase kube khona itiyela namanzi.

I kwabantu of powder graphite luyehluka kuye ukuhlakazwa, khona ikhule ezimbotsheni. Inani ngenhla zingancishiswa 2,09 kg / m ^3. Ngesikhathi touch graphite amafutha. Uma kuwukuthi ukuthatha izikhali, isici trace izohlala on izinzwane zakho. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ezifana material for izintonga uhlinzeke elula ipensela. It eshiya uphawu olucacile ephepheni.

graphite yokufakelwa

Ukuze kukhiqizwe kakhulu kubalulekile Cabanga ngalokho kwabantu graphite. Physics likwenza kucace ukuthi inkulu kwabantu ketshezi, aba maningi conductivity yayo. graphite Artificial libhekene ubumsulwa okusezingeni eliphezulu (99%). Lokhu kakhulu inyuka le kwabantu impahla.

Ukukhiqizwa graphite ukuhlanzwa Kwenziwa imiphumela thermomechanical futhi thermochemical. Nomkhakha ngamunye, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma into ekhiqizwa neqoqo elithile izimfanelo. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo umkhakha kugrafu nge nezici zabo ezingokomzimba inikezwe.

Akubiza izinto eyayenziwe wadala, kuhlanganisa ukuwohloka ensimini izinhlobo impahla uya khona. Hlukanisa thusi, electro, ibhethri, iseli, amafutha ipenseli graphite. Kukhona futhi izinhlobo ekhethekile esetshenziswa Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi.

Ububanzi

Ngo womshini ethile eshiwo izakhiwo graphite. этого вещества полностью зависит от них. Ukusetshenziswa yalolu ketshezi uncike ngokuphelele phezu kwabo. Graphite isetshenziswa yokusansimbi enkulu ekwakhekeni Umumo refractory noma amabhakede, izigubhu. Lapho inqubo ekubunjweni emelelwa powder izidakamizwa isetshenziswa uwoyela. Enye yezingxenye isitini refractory futhi graphite. Yengezwe ingxube enkulu ekwakhekeni Plastics.

Ukuze womshini oxhumana kagesi liyasetshenziswa le nto. Lokhu lula sezindawo conductive material.

Graphite amapensela zaziwa, mhlawumbe, ukuze wonke umuntu. Le nto futhi asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni kohlobo oluthile upende. Kulokhu, kusebenza abamnyama (hhayi grey) graphite. Upende ine anti-ukugqwala izakhiwo.

Kusukela ethulwa amaminerali yemvelo okulungiselelwe amadayimane yokufakelwa. Zisetshenziswa womshini ezisindayo-duty cutting amathuluzi. Ngo ubunjiniyela graphite powder izenzo njengoba material for amabombo kanye piston izindandatho uphawu izindandatho. Ngo ukuphila kube mnandi kuphela kufanelekile ekwelapheni ibhayisikili ngamaketanga, imoto iziphethu, umnyango lomnyango.

Ngisho lichaza ekwakheni izidakamizwa eziningi zingatholakala graphite.

Isicelo endaweni yokudla

Indaba samanje futhi kusetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezokudla. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ukukhiqizwa kwe-ke is phansi imithi ethize. I kwabantu of yensimbi, i-ethanol, graphite noshukela, ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, lihlukile. Kodwa izinto ezikuqukethe kungase noma aqukethe noma siqukethe ethile izinto. It lishumekwe upharafini, ester, utshwala ngisho ushukela.

Lokhu kungabonakala uma ubambe isipiliyoni ezingeyona inkimbinkimbi. Okokuqala udinga ukuthatha ucezu ushukela. It is libekwe ikhava kanzima kanye nekhava cap (kungaba imfimbolo). Khona-ke, i-metal embozwe ushukela, kakhulu eshubile. Kusukela ngaphansi imfimbolo uyogcina adedelwe intuthu acrid. Uma ufake u-match elikhanyayo kuso, igesi uyozishisa.

Lapho intuthu ziyokhawuka ivelele, ungakwazi ukuqasha imfimbolo. On ikhava okungukuthi black mass. Lokhu amalahle. Lokhu kusho carbon, futhi esakhiwa graphite.

Ukuba nemvelo

которого зависит от его чистоты, находится в природе в довольно больших количествах. Graphite, okuyinto kwabantu kuncike yayo ubumsulwa, itholakala nemvelo kahle esikhulu kobukhulu. ukukhiqizwa Lonyaka lezingalo eziyizinkulungwane 600. Amathani le into emhlabeni. I amasheya ngobukhulu tibheke eMexico, eCzech Republic, China, Ukraine, Brazil, Russia, Canada ne-South Korea.

Kusukela Ezikhathini zasendulo, le-graphite idiphozi wavusa isithakazelo lwesintu. Namuhla, lezi yemvelo isakhiwa ukuqinisekisa umkhakha izinto nge ofiselekayo izakhiwo. Graphite ezitholakala egwadle limestone amatshe, gneiss noma mica njengoba fibrous noma crystalline inclusions. Imayini Kwenziwa evulekile umgodi komhlaba izindlela.

Izindleko graphite

и чистота которого влияют на его стоимость, сегодня реализуется по достаточно приемлемым ценам. Graphite, ukuminyana nobumsulwa ezithinta ukubaluleka kwayo namuhla sithengiswa ngamanani ngempela kunengqondo. Ngalesi kuthinta usayizi zinhlayiya yayo ne-carbon. Ayanda njengoba linjalo, njengeliyiZwi ezibizayo kuyinto graphite. Ngezinye wokuqukethwe sezingeni eliphezulu carbon kwandisa Izakhiwo material. Lokhu kuyigugu ngemboni ezihlukahlukene izimboni.

Namuhla, izindleko isilinganiso graphite kuyinto ruble mayelana 45. / Kg. Uma eyayenziwe iphathwa, izindleko zanda kakhulu. Futhi, intengo amaminerali idiphozi zemvelo incike indawo.

Ngemva ukubuyekeza eyisisekelo izakhiwo kanye izici-graphite, It lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi yayo kwabantu kuncike kokubili izindleko kanye lobuchwepheshe izinga material. Ngakho-ke, ekhiqizwa zemvelo amaminerali kukhonjelwe kucutshungulwe. Lokhu kwenza kube ngcono yayo izinga.