UPlato: Biography nefilosofi

Umfundi uSocrates, uthisha ka-Aristotle - sazi isiGreki sefilosofi uPlato, ogama biography iyathakazelisa mlando, wochwepheshe, abalobi, izazi zefilosofi kanye nabezombusazwe. Lena omele ezivelele lesintu, wayephila esikhathini seziyaluyalu lesiGreki Polis crisis imimese engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba, lapho esikhundleni ngesikhathi samaGreki kwabe sekulandela inkathi Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Nezithelo waphila ukuphila isazi sefilosofi uPlato. Biography, kafushane okwethulwa kulesi iphepha ikhombisa ubukhulu nokuhlakanipha yesayensi inhliziyo yayo.

umsebenzi

UPlato wazalwa ngo 428/427 BC e-Athens. Akazange nje ukuthi uyisakhamuzi egcwele Athens, kodwa futhi kwakungezesizwana lwemindeni ngendlela yakudala ahlukile: uyise, Ariston, wayengumzukulu inkosi yokugcina Athens Kodra, nonina, Perictione, ufunyenwe eyisihlobo Solon.

Umlando Omfushane uPlato abameleli ejwayelekile ngesikhathi nangamandla ekilasini. Emva kokuthola imfundo ezifanele isikhundla salo, uPlato mayelana kweminyaka eyi-20, nakabekwa kuba yamukela izimfundiso ka uSocrates baba abafundi bakhe futhi umlandeli. UPlato wayephakathi Athene, ababenikele isiqinisekiso ukheshi for the yeziboshwa ukuba ukufa USocrates. Ngemva ukubulawa kwabo uthisha, washiya basemzini wakubo waqhubeka uhambo ngaphandle enenjongo eqondile: lokuqala kuhanjiswe ku Megara, bese sahamba saya waseKhurene, ngisho e-Egypt. Pocherpnuv konke ayengakwenza kusukela zabapristi baseGibithe, waya e-Italy, lapho aba nobungane zefilosofi esikoleni Pythagorean. Amaqiniso okuphila kaPlato ezihlobene nohambo, kule ekupheleni wayehamba kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, kodwa inhliziyo yakhe yaqhubeka ihlala i-Athene.

Lapho uPlato wayeneminyaka engaba ngu-40 ubudala (kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngalesi yobudala amaGreki bathi le izimbali eliphezulu kakhulu ubuntu - Acme), waphindela e-Athene, evula khona esikoleni sakhe ngokuthi Academy. Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, uPlato acishe never wamuka e-Athene, babehlala kude, uzungezwe abafundi. He honored inkumbulo uthisha oshonile, kodwa imibono yakhe yawenza kuphela kumbuthano ewumngcingo abalandeli futhi abazange bazame uwalethe inqubomgomo emgwaqweni, efana USocrates. UPlato ushone eneminyaka engu-ayisishiyagalombili, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngokucacile engqondweni. Wembelwa e-Ceramic, eduze Academy. a okunjalo kuyindlela yokuphila kwaba iSonto LamaGreki isazi sefilosofi uPlato. Umlando wakhe ku sihlolisisa ngempela elithakazelisayo, kodwa eziningi ulwazi mayelana nalo alithembekile kakhulu, futhi kukhulu njenge-legend.

KaPlato Academy

Igama elithi "Academy" livela iqiniso lokuthi sendawo ukuthi uPlato wathenga ngqo esikoleni sakhe eduze sokuzivocavoca sanikezelwa hero Acadia. On endaweni abafundi Academy babe nezingxoxo zefilosofi hhayi kuphela futhi walalela uPlato, zazivunyelwa ukuba baphile lapho unomphela noma isikhathi esifushane.

Platonism isungule esisekelweni ifilosofi USocrates ngakolunye uhlangothi futhi abalandeli Pythagoras, ngakolunye. Ngezinye uyise uthisha wakhe waboleka ukukhohliseka umbono dialectical zezwe futhi ukunakekela izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha. Kodwa, njengoba kufakazelwa umlando wokuphila uPlato, okungukuthi, ayichitha Sicily, phakathi Pythagoreans, wayengumuntu ngokucacile nozwela imfundiso yefilosofi Pythagoras. Okungenani yokuthi zefilosofi Academy wayehlala futhi esebenza ndawonye, kuyinto okusikhumbuza esikoleni Pythagorean.

Umqondo imfundo yezombusazwe

ukunakwa okuningi sakhokhwa Academy of imfundo yezombusazwe. Kodwa kunqubomgomo endulo babungagcini amaqembu amancane abameleli ezithunyelwe ka: inqubomgomo ukuphathwa ubuhanjelwe zonke izakhamuzi omdala, okungukuthi, khulula futhi esisemthethweni Athene. Kamuva, umfundi kaPlato, u-Aristotle lizokwenza kwencazelo ezombusazwe njengoba umuntu ehlanganyela nokuphila social inqubomgomo, kunokusebenza idiotika - umuntu ngokungafanele. Okungukuthi iqhaza kwezombusazwe kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile ekuphileni kwamaGreki asendulo, futhi imfundo yezombusazwe kusho ukuthuthukiswa yobulungisa, indlela aphana ngayo amandla futhi acuity engqondo.

Ukuthengiselana zefilosofi

Ukuze isitatimende ebhaliwe imibono yabo futhi imiqondo kaPlato ngokuyinhloko wakhetha Kwakuba yingxoxo. Le idivayisi lalivamile etemibhalo ezikhathini zasendulo. imisebenzi zefilosofi lezinkathi ekuqaleni futhi kamuva kaPlato zokuphila kwakhe zihluke kakhulu, futhi lokhu yemvelo, ngoba zanqwabelana ukuhlakanipha ukubukwa kushintshe kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Phakathi abacwaningi is evamile ukwehlukana kwemvelo wefilosofi kaPlato izinkathi ezintathu:

1. Umfundi (ngaphansi kwethonya USocrates) - "Apology of Socrates", "Creighton," "Fox", "Protagoras", "Charmides", "Evtifron" futhi 1 ncwadi, "State".

2. Wandering (ngaphansi kwethonya imicabango Heraclitus) - "Gorgias", "Cratylus", "Menon".

3. Ukufundisa (ithonya eyinhloko imibono lesikole Pythagorean) - "Idili," "Phaedo", "Phaedrus", "Parmenides", "sophist", "Ezombusazwe", "kaThimewu", "Critias", 2-10 yencwadi "State" "Imithetho".

uyise ukukhohliseka

UPlato kubhekwa umsunguli ukukhohliseka, igama elithi ngokwayo lisuselwa imiqondo ephakathi ekufundiseni kwakhe - Eidos. Iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi uPlato emelelwa emhlabeni njengoba ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezimbili: izwe imibono (Eidos) nezwe amafomu (izinto ezibonakalayo). Eidos - the prototypes, umthombo kulomhlaba. Matter ngokwawo wawungenasimo, ungenalutho, bodiless, izwe liya zezinkulumo inencazelo sibonga imibono.

indawo evelele emhlabeni Eidos umqondo wokuthobela omunye umuntu ukuthula, kanye nazo zonke ezinye stem kuyo. It is isibusiso I yekucala, ubuhle ngokuphelele, uMdali wendawo yonke. Eidos yonke into - kuyinto empeleni yayo, imfihlo ebalulekile kakhulu abantu - umphefumulo. Imibono kukhona ngokuphelele futhi ezingeguquleke, babengeke baphile ugobhozela nemingcele isikhala esigcwele, futhi izinto - kukhona impermanent, kuyaphindeka futhi iskazhaemy, babengeke baphile ezilinganiselwe.

Ngokuqondene nomphefumulo womuntu, imfundiso yefilosofi awukudla engokomfanekiso kaPlato ke njengoba inqola namahhashi amabili, umshayeli wenqola eqondiswa. Limelela isiqalo ezinengqondo, e amahanisi ihhashi lakhe elimhlophe elifanekisela ukuphana izimfanelo zokuziphatha eziphakeme njengezakho futhi omnyama - imizwelo engokwemvelo, izifiso ongaphakeme. Emhlabeni ozayo umphefumulo (umshayeli) belingana onkulunkulu ehilelekile amaqiniso aphakade Uyabubona Eidos emhlabeni. Emva kokuzalwa umqondo omusha amaqiniso okuphakade bahlale umphefumulo njengoba izinkumbulo.

Space - umhlaba wonke akhona, baye yakhiqizwa ngokuphelele sibonelo. imfundiso kaPlato enkulu cosmic futhi kubangelwa Eidos theory.

Beauty and Love - imiqondo okuphakade

Kusukela konke lokhu kusobala ukuthi ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba - Kutama ukubheka izinto reflection imibono ngokusebenzisa uthando, ubulungisa nobuhle ibhizinisi. Imfundiso Nobuhle kungumongo kuyifilosofi kaPlato: search for ubuhle kumuntu emhlabeni, ukudala ubuhle umthetho ivumelane ne art - injongo ephakeme yomuntu. Ngakho, ivela umphefumulo isuka nokucabanga ubuhle izinto ezibonakalayo ukuqonda omuhle kwezobuciko nesayensi, kuze kube seqophelweni eliphezulu kakhulu - ukuqonda ubuhle zokuziphatha. Iza njengomngani isambulo futhi kuletha umphefumulo emhlabeni wonkulunkulu.

Kanye ubuhle bomhlaba ukukhulisa eidoses womuntu yakhelwe Uthando. Kulokhu, lesi sibalo wesazi sefilosofi nsé umfanekiso Eros - avame ezinhle, emelela umqhubi umlamuli kusuka umuntu ongenalwazi uye ekubeni ngokuhlakanipha. Uthando - amandla okudala izinto zakhe ezinhle bazalwa nobunye ubudlelwane babantu imithetho. Lokho Uthando - umqondo khiye imfundiso yokuziphendukela ulwazi, it is kancane kancane kusukela ngokomzimba (impahla) ukwakha umphefumulo wakhe, futhi ngemva - okomoya, okuyinto ehilelekile sphere imibono okumsulwa. Lolu thando wokugcina iyona inkumbulo isidalwa esiphelele, umphefumulo ukulondolozwa.

Kufanele agxile eqinisweni lokuthi wahlukanisa izwe imibono nezinto akusho kwenza (okuvame kangaka kwalokho kwabalelwa uPlato abaphikisi bakhe yamaSoviet, oqala Aristotle), zihlobene izibopho yokhokho. nenhlalakahle Qinisekile - Eidos ezingeni - likhona phakade, kuba oludonsa. Kodwa le ndaba ivela kakade njengenhlangano silingisa umbono, kumane "samanje" e isidalwa esiphelele.

Imibono zezombusazwe kaPlato

Biography kanye kuyifilosofi kaPlato kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa zikuqonde kahulumeni ezinengqondo futhi efanele. Izimfundiso ukukhohliseka kayise ekuphathweni kanye ubuhlobo babantu "State" esethwe ku indatshana. Konke yakhelwe ukufana phakathi kwezinhlangano ngabanye ukuba umphefumulo womuntu kanye izici zobuso zabantu (ngokuvumelana indima yabo womphakathi).

Ngakho, ezingxenyeni ezintathu umphefumulo obhekene ngokuhlakanipha, ukulinganisela nokuthanda isibindi. Ngokuvamile, lezi zimfanelo amelela ubulungiswa. Lokho kusho ukuthi ukujabulisa (ephelele) isimo kungenzeka uma umuntu ngamunye kuba esikhundleni futhi wenza ngaphambili futhi for bonke imisebenzi obekiwe (ngokuvumelana amakhono akhe). Ngokusho kohlelo evezwe "State", lapho Biography emfushane kaPlato, umphumela wokuphila kwakhe futhi uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka kukhona incarnation sokugcina, kumelwe ukuphatha zonke izazi, abezindaba ngokuhlakanipha. Ziyakwazi kuncike isiqalo ezinengqondo zonke izakhamuzi. Indima ebalulekile isimo ukudlala iqhawe (kwezinye izinguqulo onogada), laba bantu alalelwa. Warriors kufanele sihlakulele umoya kokubusa zaklanywa ngokuhlakanipha ngeke phezu imizwelo futhi ukuklabalasa okungokomzwelo. Kodwa lokhu akulona umshini abandayo, okubonakala umuntu wanamuhla, hhayi wawufiphazwe izinkanuko ukuqonda lobumbano ophakeme kakhulu emhlabeni. Isigaba sesithathu zabahlali - yiwona Abadali yengcebo. sibeke nje ngakho ezichazwe schematically futhi kafushane isazi sefilosofi uPlato. Biography elilodwa ongqondongqondo abakhulu emlandweni wesintu kubonisa ukuthi ukufundisa kwakhe wathola impendulo ezingqondweni besikhathi sakhe - yaziwa ngokuthi wayethole izicelo eziningi ezivela ababusi Polis lasendulo kanti ezinye izifunda empumalanga phezu ukulungiselela amakhodi zabo ezingokomthetho.

Umlando Late kaPlato, afundiswe Academy kanye uzwela okwakuvame ukubonakala kuwukuziphikisa nemiqondo Pythagoreans ezihlobene nemfundiso yokuziphendukela "izinombolo enhle", okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi athuthukile Neoplatonists.

Izinganekwane izinkolelo

Nesithakazelo isikhundla sakhe phezu inganekwane: njengoba isazi sefilosofi, uPlato kabani Biography futhi wasinda imibhalo zibonisa ngokucacile ingqondo omkhulu kunayo yonke, akazange asale izinganekwane bendabuko. Kodwa wacela ukuqhubela ukuhumusha le nkolelo-ze, njengoba iwuphawu, kuwumfuziselo, hhayi bayibheka njengelungelo uhlobo Axiom. Insumansumane, umqondo uPlato kwakungelona iqiniso elingokomlando. Wabona izithombe wasenganekwaneni kanye nezenzakalo njengoba uhlobo imfundiso zefilosofi, okungadingi pose Kunoma ikuphi, kodwa inikeza kuphela ukudla ukucabangisisa kuhlolwe imicimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinganekwane eziningi zasendulo ngesiGreki zabhalwa abantu abavamile ngaphandle isitayela noma ukwelashwa etemibhalo. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, uPlato kubhekwe ezifanele ukuvikela engqondweni yengane kusukela iningi izindaba basezinganekwaneni, eqanjiwe ocebile ngokuvamile luhlaza lokho futhi ihlanganyela ekuziphatheni okubi ngokobulili.

ubufakazi uPlato lokuqala esivuna yokungafi komphefumulo womuntu

UPlato - sefilosofi lokuqala lasendulo, omisebenzi yakhe behlele ezikhathini zanamuhla akusona engahlangani, futhi umbhalo ogcwele. Ngo inkhulumomphendvulwano wakhe "UMbuso", "Phaedrus" 4 unikeza ubufakazi ukungafi komphefumulo womuntu. Eyokuqala yalezi ubizwa ngokuthi "cyclical". essence yayo yangempela yokuthi ukuphikiswa angaba khona kuphela uma kukhona kwencika mutual. okungukuthi ngaphezulu kusho ukuba khona ukungafi ezincane, uma kukhona ukufa, kukhona ke. Leli qiniso uPlato yayisemngceleni agumenti main esivuna umqondo yokuphindukuzalwa.

Eyesibili ubufakazi

Ngenxa umqondo ukuthi ulwazi nkumbulo. UPlato wafundisa ukuthi umqondo womuntu, kukhona imiqondo ezinjengo- bulungiswa, ubuhle, inkolelo. Lezi imiqondo khona "ngokwabo." Abanaso ukubafundisa uzizwe futhi baqonde ezingeni ukwazi. Bona - essence ngokuphelele, okuphakade futhi awufi. Uma umphefumulo ozalelwa emhlabeni uyakwazi kakade lokho, ngakho wayazi ngazo phambi eziphilayo emhlabeni. Uma umphefumulo aqaphele okushiwo elaphakade, ukuthi kusho yena umi phakade.

I-agumenti wesithathu

It eyakhelwe kokuphikisa umzimba ofayo nasemphefumulweni ongafi. UPlato wafundisa ukuthi konke emhlabeni webumbacambili. Umzimba nomphefumulo phakathi nokuphila kwakhe atehlukaniseki. Kodwa umzimba - lena kuyindlela engokwemvelo, kanti umphefumulo - ingxenye saphezulu. Umzimba izama ukuhlangabezana imizwa isizinda kanye nemizwelo, umphefumulo ithambekele ulwazi nokuthuthukiswa. Umzimba ephethwe eshaweni. Amandla ukucabanga futhi ngentando yomuntu okwaziyo sikunqobe imizwelo engokwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, uma umzimba uyafa futhi ezibhubhayo, kokuphikisa umphefumulo wakhe umi phakade futhi elingukungaboli. Uma umzimba ngeke kube khona ngaphandle umphefumulo, ngakho umphefumulo angaba khona eceleni.

Okwesine, ubufakazi wokugcina

Imfundiso nzima kakhulu. Iningi ngokucace ephawula inkhulumomphendvulwano wakhe uSocrates Cebes ku "Phaedo". Ubufakazi kusekelwe egomela ukuthi yonke into sizalwa nawo ngokwemvelo salo ezingeguquleke. Ngakho, kube ngisho njalo lingalingani, abamhlophe nabansundu ayikwazi kubhekwe lutho nje ningalokothi okubi. Kususelwa kule lokufelwa ukukhohlakala nokuphamba yokuphila ayisoze bazi ukufa. Uma umzimba ungafa futhi ukubola ke okushiwo ke - ukufa. Life kuphambene ukufa, umphefumulo okuphambene emzimbeni. Ngakho, uma umzimba ezigugayo, umphefumulo - awufi.

Inani imibono kaPlato

Enjalo, Imibandela, umqondo wokuthi isintu bashiya umlando ongeke sefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo uPlato. Biography of lo muntu okungavamile zeminyaka emibili nengxenye isibe legend, futhi efundisa, ezicini ezithile, yabeka isisekelo kulelishumi zefilosofi ekhona okwamanje. umfundi wakhe u-Aristotle wagxeka ukubukwa uthisha wakhe futhi wakha okuphambene lemfundiso yakhe zefilosofi izinto ezibonakalayo uhlelo. Kodwa leli qiniso - iwubufakazi obengeziwe ubukhulu kaPlato: akuzona zonke uthisha kunikezwa ukukhulisa umlandeli, kodwa abaphikisi Uyakufanelekela, mhlawumbe abambalwa kuphela.

nefilosofi kaPlato ithole abalandeli abaningi endulo, ulwazi imikhiqizo kanye naletintfo eyinhloko ukufundisa kwakhe futhi ziyingxenye ebalulekile ekwakhekeni isakhamuzi ehloniphekile we Polis ngesiGreki. sibalo enjalo ephawulekayo emlandweni umcabango yefilosofi awuzange nya, ngisho Ephakathi, lapho izazi ezingamaSulumane sinqatshiwe kakhulu igalelo endulo. UPlato ephefumulelwe zefilosofi Yenguquko, wanika ukudla engapheli for ukucabanga ongqondongqondo eYurophu ubudala kamuva. Reflection yezimfundiso zakhe kungabonakala ezihlukahlukene imiqondo ezikhona ngemibono kanye yefilosofi kaPlato izingcaphuno kungatholakala wonke amagatsha ulwazi lomuntu.

Kwakubukeka njengolimi isazi sefilosofi, ubuntu bakhe

Abavubukuli baye bathola busts eziningi uPlato walondoloza kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi. Ngokusho kwakhe edalwe imidwebo eminingi nezithombe kaPlato. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubukeka sefilosofi kungaba liyokwahlulelwa zemihla ngemihla.

Njengakho konke kancane ababebuthene by bit ngokuvumelana uPlato ke wayemude, athletically eyakhelwe, ebanzi emahlombe namathambo. Uhlamvu kwadingeka oshaya kakhulu, wakhunyulwa yokuqhosha, nokulwela ekuziqhayiseni. Wayethobekile kakhulu futhi sinomusa hhayi kuphela nontanga yabo, kodwa futhi nge abameleli besigaba esiphansi.

Isazi sefilosofi lasendulo ngesiGreki uPlato biography nefilosofi okuyinto awaphikisani nomunye, ukuphila komuntu nabanye kusebenze ngokuvuma iqiniso lakhe umbono abanawo emhlabeni wonke.