Daniel Dennett: izingcaphuno, biography okufutshane

Inkambu eyinhloko isithakazelo yesayensi itholakala ekutadisheni iphuzu zefilosofi nezesayensi umbono kokubili Komuntu, ngeke, nezinye imiqondo eyisisekelo. Kodwa yiziphi izinto namathonya ekubumbeni imicabango wesazi sefilosofi, singafunda yomlando wakhe, ikakhulukazi esikhathini zokuphila umfundi.

Patrimony

Usuku waqala ukubheka ukuphila kwakhe kwansuku zonke futhi imvelo, njengoba Daniel Dennett, biography uchaza kafushane nemiculo sefilosofi-usosayensi ukuphila, wazalelwa eBoston ku-abavamile American mlando umndeni. Waphothula Harvard. ukuqhubeka ukucabanga usosayensi owaqhutshelwa e -University of Oxford , olwaluholwa uProfesa of Ryle. Kwaba ngenxa yethonya lakhe futhi banikwa kaDaniyeli Dennett wabhala wasivikela mqondo yakhe, futhi banyathelisa incwadi yakhe yokuqala - "Okuqukethwe kanye Consciousness" - ngo-1969. Ngokubona kwakhe, yebo, bethonywe kwesikhathi American yokuphila kwakhe, kodwa umhlaziyi British, futhi, kwakuthandeka Dennett, ngakho ukuthi le ncwadi longitudinally evula izikhathi.

impumelelo enkulu

Emva kokuthola Ph.D. wakhe, usosayensi ethunyelwe Massachusetts, Tufts University, lapho ufundisa okukhethekile kuze kube manje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ofunda izinkulumo ngabanye emayunivesithi ahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke - izihlobo Harvard kanye Oxford eMoscow State University. 74 Ngubani Usosayensi othile unesithakazelo isayensi, ebaziwe. Ngo-2012 waba Prize zokuhlonipha ka-Erasmus ngegalelo lakhe ezisemqoka isiko European nasemphakathini.

Ngakho, uDaniyeli Dennett, ogama biography ngokwengxenye ezathonya ukucabanga kwakhe futhi inkulumo, ukuze asindise ukuphila kwakhe wabhala imisebenzi eminingi. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo - "ingqondo iso", "Izinhlobo sengqondo», Elbow Room, Kucocisana, «Neurology futhi Philosophy". Eziningi zalezi ihlonishwe lososayensi kodwa, ngeshwa, abambalwa kuphela zihunyushelwe Russian.

Kubaluleka izahlulelo

Ithuluzi eliyinhloko ezahlulelweni yayo elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo Daniel Dennett babecabanga komuntu. Yena isekela amaphuzu akhe namaqiniso esayensi kusuka Psychology engqondweni yethu, cybernetics, wezinto ezincane eziphilayo. Futhi, ngaso sonke isikhathi ihlonipha nabangane bakhe nabo, kodwa ungakhohlwa bajwayelane nomsebenzi wabo, ukuveza imibono yabo kanye nokugxeka okwakhayo. Ngokwesibonelo, wabhala incwadi noma kubukezwa Dawkins 'I zobugovu Gene. " Ezinkondlweni zakhe kungabonwa ukuthi usosayensi njalo ecabanga ukwazi, ukucacisa lapho izidalwa eziphilayo kuba. Daniel Dennett uveza ukuthi "ukutholakala kolwazi mayelana nakho kwabanye abantu nemicabango" kusho khona ukwazi. Ikhono ukusebenzisa ngokolimi kanye nekucabangisisa, ngokuthi "uphawu lokuma ukwazi", usosayensi ezama ukufakazela imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zikaDarwin. umqondo Darwin futhi mbono kusinda ezinamandla isetshenziswa nefilosofi ukufakazela ukuthi indoda - okungcono kule ndawo, ngoba imfundiso yokuziphendukela uyakwazi ukwakha futhi abale izenzakalo eduze esizayo. Ngenxa yalokho, sinesibopho "kulungiselelwa ngenhloso." Lo mqondo kusho ukuthi thina ngezikaNkulunkulu kuthuthukiswe ngokuyisisekelo imizwa, imicabango yabantu, okungase uqondise izenzo zayo. Intentionality ulwela ukufeza benzuzo bona, ngakho-ke yilona esivikelekile kakhulu, kodwa nakwezinye izici zokuphila ngezindinganiso zalo zingahluka.

Ngokuvamile, umuntu yakhiwa micro-amarobhothi, okuyinto enze indima ohlelweni lwama-molecule. Nge izilwane thina enifana "ulwazi kanjani", ngawo izenzo kuyenziwa athutha imvelo. Kodwa umuntu has inzuzo: kungenzeka ukubuza imibuzo bese ucabanga ngalezi ulwazi mechanical, ukuqhathanisa nabanye. Futhi ungakwazi ukudlulisela ulwazi komunye umuntu, kanjalo inkanuko ingqondo nokuthuthukisa ukufakwa ngenhloso. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ngosizo amazwi abavamile, akha inhlangano "Izigaxana" entsha e cortex cerebral. Ngezinye izikhathi ubuchopho ukukhulula ngekhanda Izigaxana futhi ilebula umuntu isebenzisa imithombo ebhalwe ulwazi iba isandiso impahla yokucabanga. Ngakho-ke, i-ukucabanga okunengqondo umehluko okukhulu lapho kusetshenziswa imithombo ezahlukene zolwazi sishoda.

izindawo engeziwe reflection

Kodwa izinkinga, elibhekene nomse- Daniel Dennett, kuhlanganisa omunye wokuzindla: i intentionality lomuntu iyenza ilawulwe omunye. Ngakho-ke, i-ngempumelelo ngaphezulu mncintiswano interspecific kuyoba esimweni esikhoselweni ulwazi oluyigugu. Kodwa isu engcono yokuziphatha babe zokuxhumana kanye Ukuhileleka - ukukhuluma, ukufihla eminye imininingwane ngenxa enza iqhinga ngobuqili. Imvelo ukuze kulondolozwe baphawula kufanele uqine futhi-mlando ukuqaliswa esizayo. Kule kusobala ukuthi kuwumshikashika okusinda iba lokuqala, lesibili futhi intentionality. Njengoba abaphikisi / esincintisana Ubuye intentionality ayo, kuvela ukuthi umncintiswano wethu futhi umzabalazo kuxhomeke umbono ngekusasa omunye umuntu noma imvelo esiphila ukuncintisana. Ukuze "abale" umqondo wokukhululwa Ngokuzayo lomunye umuntu, kumele kakade zifakwe ohlelweni uphawu, okungukuthi, ukuba khona umuntu ophambana nelungelo miscalculated. Umbuthano uvala izahlulelo noDaniyeli Dennett, ukwazi zazo emenza mbono, akakabi ukwazi phikisana abuye achaze indlela umsuka imvelo yisakhiwo sodumo zithathwa. Ngakho-ke, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela bokuqala usadinga Ukuthuthukiswa izixhumanisi elingekho ambalwa ngokuhlangana kaDarwin futhi ukwazi.

ukugxekwa zezemfundo

Ngo mbono, imibono yakhe aphindwaphindwe ngabanye uRichard Dawkins, uSteven Pinker iyona ukuphikiswa maqondana ukwahlulela uStefanu Gould Edvarda Uilsona. adaptationism okusisekelo imisebenzi wabhala Daniel Dennett, ikhiqize eziningi ukugxekwa phakathi metaphysicians. Babiza indlela yakhe kuyinto lolumalula khulu futhi ehlukile kancane kusuka ukugeleza endala behaviorism. Naye cishe kanye yokuzenzisa wachaza imiqondo ezifana "qualia" (ngesisekelo Umbono womuntu ngezinto), kanye nezinye izinto eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi engqondweni. I critique bukhali ngoDaniyeli - "Consciousness, wabhubhisa incazelo."

Incazelo senkululeko yokuzikhethela

Secularism kanye nenkululeko ngentando yomuntu - Umqondo, okuyinto naye ukwazile ukudonsa ukunakwa kaDaniyeli Dennett. Iqembu leFreedom ezahlulelweni yayo abaqondanga ngokombono khona, kodwa ngokuya isidingo sabantu. Lo mqondo ihlanganisa ngayo Determinism (ubudlelwano esiyimbangela), bekholelwa ukuthi ukuqonda yezimbangela siyisisekelo senkululeko yokuzikhethela. Lokhu isiqondiso ibizwa ngokuthi "compatibilism". Nguye enikelwe umsebenzi Elbow Room.

ukucabanga ilungile

Usosayensi bangaqondi zonke metaphysicians, imisebenzi yakhe njalo ukuheha eziningi impikiswano yesayensi kanye mpikiswano. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, unethemba e imicabango yabantu bakhe, futhi abasebenza ngcono zabo. Daniel Dennett, ogama izingcaphuno ezidumile phakathi akekho, uchitha inkulumo oluncane olwakhula lucidly futhi izibonelo uveza umbono waKhe okholweni futhi inkolo. Esingatha ucwaningo ngokwengqondo phakathi abapristi phakathi kwazo abaphikiNkulunkulu abangekwazi ukukhokhela alivume. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uyaqaphela umehluko kaNkulunkulu nasezintweni ezinamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, futhi icacisa iqoqo eqondisa imibuzo Ukusiza ukuchaza okholelwa yini noma cha. Omunye imisebenzi yamuva - Intuition Pumps Futhi Okunye Amathuluzi Ukucabanga - izinkulumo mayelana nendlela sifunde ukucabanga efana usosayensi othile. Daniel Dennett linikeza iseluleko esilandelayo:

• Sebenzisa amaphutha ukuqhuba ukuzihlola hhayi awela yithemba nokuphelelwa yithemba.
• Ukungabaza ukuba inkulumo ethi "yebo", okuyinto, ngokusho usosayensi, likhombisa semthethweni yokuthi nesifiso yemlandzi "Abasunduzani" isilaleli ulwazi olungamanga ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
• Ukuze bahloniphe isitha sakho, ngaphandle kokuba ubonise ubulungisa futhi umusa kuyo, waze wasithatha ukugxekwa yakho.
• Vumela izimpendulo zemibuzo bokukhuluma.
• Sebenzisa lokwahlulela isimiso of insingo Occam sika, wayinquma zonke ezingadingekile, futhi ngaleyo ndlela wonge indlela engqondo ukufakazela iqiniso.
• Ratsioalno zisebenzisa isikhathi ngaphandle zokuchitha ku izingxabano okungenanzuzo, ikakhulukazi ngezizathu ngemibono.
• Ungasebenzisi eside ezifana "psevdoglubina" is wadala kuphela ngesisekelo the incomprehensibility lokwahlulela, futhi hhayi iqiniso layo nobulungisa.