Umhlaba Snow Queen - yilokho Tundra

Uyini emathafeni? Kuhunyushwe kusuka tunturi Finnish kusho "zwe eliwugwadule", "ezweni lesitha" noma "ethafeni treeless" Ngamafuphi, lo indawo ungahlalwa muntu. Imibono ngakho, abantu abaningi ziyancipha ulwazi wathola kusukela lwezifundo - wona, reindeer, Iqhwa, ulele - futhi zonke ndawo ndawo, ekude enyakatho. Ulwazi olusuka izinhlelo ze-TV ethandwa, uthi izinsongo (ngokuyinhloko izakhiwo) ahlanganisiwe ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke.

Endless ehlane seqhwa

Tundra lingachazwa ngokuthi ogwadule ezibandayo, itholakala emhlabeni North Pole. Abanye bakubiza umngcele wakhe eningizimu ye-Arctic, umuntu - insimu engaphandle nje ehlathini. Ngayinye yalezi izitatimende kahle uchaza okushiwo nezimfunda.

ERussia kuba isiqeshana 300 km kuya 500 km elula esuka iBering Strait empumalanga Finland, entshonalanga. Kubandakanya i esishintshashintshayo zasezindaweni ezibandayo Arctic, emathafeni asibekela cishe 10% komkhathi ezweni lethu. Yonke nogu-Arctic Ocean imbozwe lokhu band, iyincane eYurophu eyayiyingxenye Russia naseSiberia jikelele; Futhi ngiwuthumbile engxenyeni esenyakatho eKamchatka.

Isikhathi olunzima

Uyini emathafeni ebusika? Ngalesi sikhathi isimo sezulu siba ingenza ngisho nokungaphezulu kwalokho - okushisa ukufinyelela engxenyeni laseSiberia -51 degrees. Basuke yashubisa yimimoya, okuyizinto ngenxa yokuntuleka ezintabeni futhi ucishe ehloniphekile bomkhathi amagquma. Kushintshana emathafeni futhi emathafeni kumephu ziphawulwe umbala oluhlaza, ehlanganisa ngokuphelele endaweni nezimfunda. I ilanga lingaphumi nhlobo, ebusuku polar eside ihlala izinyanga 8-9. Lesi yisikhathi esinzima kakhulu esifundeni izilwane zasendle.

Kusukela "isiphepho esikhulu seqhwa abamnyama" ukufihla konke: abantu, izilwane nezinyoni ezingavamile. Ngemva kweziphepho zineminyaka amasonto, is pitted ehlane seqhwa, kepha efaniswe ngokubukeka esihlabathini, njengoba ikhava mncane impela futhi usesimweni ezihambayo, esangenza omunye umcwaningi kuya emathafeni ukuyibiza "izwe lezinto iqhwa amagquma."

Isikhathi kanye izindawo omiyane abazalela izinyoni

Iza amakhaza ehlobo enyakatho okushisa esiphezulu esingeqile degrees 10, kodwa ilanga akufihlekile nhlobo - woza zasebusuku elimhlophe okuyizinto eside izinsuku 64. Isendlalelo phezulu iqhwa thaws, ukwakha ochithekile ezincane engapheli, akukho lishonile kunesikhumba 50-100 cm amachibi lapho abantu bendawo ukuwela ngokungesabi ku embhedeni wakhe. Thaws futhi kuza ekuphileni nxazonke.

Tundra inhlabathi sicaciselwe kakhulu - ku eyiqhwa ezincane gley futhi humus khathizwe. Ngokucacile yingoba amanzi umi, le ukuhwamuka encane, okushisa aphansi ungavumeli isitshalo izinsalela ukubola futhi ishabalale. Kwezulu okuncane, kuze ku-250 mm ngonyaka, kodwa amanzi incibilikiswa phezu kwenhlabathi akanayo isikhathi shabalala. Konke lokhu kunomthelela kwetinhlavu emaxhaphozini, okuyizinto i isibalo esingapheliyo lapha.

Futhi nangu umusa

Uyini emathafeni ehlobo? Lonke uhlobo kule ndawo kungenxa ubude lesi sikhathi - izitshalo naso isikhathi ottsvesti ukunikeza imbewu. Lona izwe wezinyamazane moss, sedge kanye ulele, kukhona rosemary futhi heather birch yemifino kanye willow shaggy. Izihlahla ziphansi, ngoba izimpande sinda enhlabathini.

Ekwindla ka omkhulu ensimini bluish amajingijolo emasimini eyayihambisana cloudberry orange, crowberry kakhulu, ngamanye amazwi, berry ipharadesi - yilokho nezimfunda. Ukunqunywa kulesi sifunda njengoba umbuso omiyane nakho kuyiqiniso ngenxa ubuningi emoyeni la mabhungane emathafeni ase-akuyona esobala. Amafu esithwalwa ehlukahlukene enyakatho bumblebee uqedela isithombe. Kuvele isibalo esingapheliyo isikhunta. Lona yonke ukudla izinyoni. Tundra ngabo - indawo yokwakha isidleke.

Izigidi izinyoni ukuchitha sasehlobo esifushane lapha. Ziningi kakhulu ukuthi, ngokwendlela ofakazi bokuzibonela, amachibi ahlanzekile agcwele izinhlanzi namahansi kukhona ezimhlophe ku, ebumnyameni we goose. Lapha lokushutheka peregrine uheshe, ptarmigan neqhwa Bunting, ama-gull, tern futhi guillemot. Basuke fed hhayi kuphela omiyane. ulwandle Northern, amachibi emaxhaphozini of emathafeni egcwele izinhlanzi (Sturgeon, salmon) ne-shellfish. Kusukela umndeni namagundane abahlala lemmings nezimfunda.

Uma ushutha Amasimu bluish kanye amajikijolo orange, izinyoni amnyama nomhlophe phezu kolwandle, ukuze abonise lokho emathafeni, isithombe kuyoba nemiphumela emihle kakhulu. Akukhona nezilwane abampofu endaweni. Reindeer futhi impungushe ezimhlophe, amatshwayo yasenyakatho, zitholakala lapha eziningi angenamkhawulo. Coast - umbuso ka amabhere nezinye izilwane ezinkulu ezifana isilwane sasolwandle esikwaziyo futhi ukuphila ngaphandle ezweni esinamazinyo azingxavula.

Climate, futhi nalo uhlobo, ukushintsha ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu, nezimfunda uhlukaniswe sub-esishintshashintshayo ezintathu: i-arctic, ulele, moss naseNingizimu izihlahlana. Ngisho izihloko kubonisa ukuthi izwe isitshalo njengoba ibanga kusuka North Pole.

Isandiso engokwemvelo emathafeni ase

Khona-ke iqala insimu, kancane kakhulu sihlukile kuchaziwe ngenhla. Uyini emathafeni futhi ihlathi emathafeni? Indlela Uyini umehluko? Abanye ochwepheshe abatholi Ungakanani umehluko kanye yesibili ibizwa ngokuthi i-subzone kuqala. Ngempela, umehluko mncane. Kushiwo sub-Arctic emathafeni zone Yandisa ngokuphinda ngokuphelele eningizimu umngcele emathafeni, ububanzi balo buyahluka kusuka 30 kuya 300 km. Isilinganiso lokushisa lonyaka hereinabove ngokumane 8-10 degrees, izihlahla ongaphakeme neziqhingana ezingavamile. Kodwa njengoba kuza emathafeni ase eduze amahlathi coniferous, futhi esifundeni oseningizimu liphinde ucishe imbozwe kubo, ivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi sub-zone akulona emathafeni, futhi ehlathini.