Umbuzo Geological: lokho namaminerali zihlukile emadwaleni

Ngokuvamile ezincwadini zesayensi ezidumile kukhona imigomo "amaminerali" futhi "idwala" nakutjhugululwako. Abantu abangenalo imfundo ekhethekile, ungabelani imiqondo le, niqonda la mazwi cishe amqondo ofanayo. Lena sebekubeke okungalungile. Ake sibone ukuthi yini namaminerali zihlukile emadwaleni.

amaminerali

Ukuze sicacise lo mahluko ophakathi kwalokhu amaminerali edwaleni, ukwakheka zemvelo, cabanga ngazo zonke izindlela. Ngokusho nezidingo inhlangano International mineralogical ukuba amaminerali zihlanganisa ukudla okuqinile kwakheka emathunjini omhlaba noma evele yayo kokuba okufanayo amakhemikhali ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo crystalline.

Kodwa akubona bonke amaminerali ncamashi ezihlangabezana nencazelo. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona izinto kokuba okufanayo amakhemikhali ukwakheka kodwa musa yakha crystal eheleni: okuthiwa namaminerali amorphous (Itshe Eliyigugu). Atoms esakhiweni esifana basondelene kakhulu nomunye futhi musa yakha ngaphambilini ohlelweni. Ngakho isibopho phakathi ama-athomu uqine ngokwanele. Isakhiwo ingafaniswa ingilazi.

Ukwahlukaniswa amaminerali

Ososayensi Inani namaminerali 2500, ezithinta izinhlobonhlobo zabo. Ngokusho adi- eyingxenye, amaminerali zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana:

• izakhi Native - ketshezi crystal ngehele esakhiwa isici chemical eyodwa nje kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-sulphur, igolide, i-platinum. Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: yedayimane graphite - namaminerali eziqukethe carbon kuphela, kodwa kokuba crystal isakhiwo ezahlukene. Kulokhu, idayimane - lizinga amandla futhi graphite, kunalokho, soft kakhulu. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa amaminerali cishe ezingu-90.
• Sulfides - namaminerali kabani zinhlayiya yakhiwa isibabule izinsimbi noma nonmetals. Ngokwesibonelo, Galena, sphalerite. Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: I pyrite amaminerali unegama yesibili "igolide weziwula." Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokusobala pyrite ngombala kanye metallic kukhanye like a ensimbini eyigugu. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa mayelana 200 namaminerali.
• Sulfate - nosawoti engokwemvelo sulfuric acid. Ngokwesibonelo, barite, jarosite, Gypsum, anhydrite. Abathandwayo Eqinisweni: barite - amaminerali kuphela singadambisa-X-ray. Ngakho-ke, izikrini egumbini-X-ray iyokwakhiwa amaminerali kanye izindonga embozwe barite usimende. Iqembu kuhlanganisa amaminerali cishe ngo-260.
• Halides - namaminerali ezakhiwe inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene nge halogens. Ngokwesibonelo, fluorite, sylvite, halite. Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: kumbusi waseRoma uNero waba wobuthakathaka fluorite, ukuthenga imikhiqizo eyenziwe ke imali eningi. Iqembu kuhlanganisa namaminerali-100.
• Phosphate - usawoti engokwemvelo wali band acid. Ngokwesibonelo, vivianite, onsomi, apatite. Abathandwayo Eqinisweni: oluluhlaza - Igugu ozithandayo kakhulu namaPheresiya. Izindleko ezinye izinto e 3-4 ephakeme kunaleyo intengo legolide izikhathi. Eqenjini amaminerali cishe ngo-350.
• Carbonates - zemvelo usawoti carbonic acid. Ngokwesibonelo, calcite, dolomite, Magnesite. Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: i-Alps entabeni uchungechunge ihlanganisa amalungu afanayo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Dolomites, ngenxa rock kuhlanganisa dolomite. Izintaba ngaphansi kwelanga bephendukela pink.
• Oxides - amaminerali, ezakhiwe compounds of izinsimbi kanye oxides. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Alexander, Flint, itshe eliyigugu. Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: Ametrine ingenye eziyivelakancane emhlabeni. Sici Its wukuthi lesi sibalo uma itshe eliyigugu uhlukile, isenzakalo esisha ngamunye uhlukile kulowo odlule. Iqembu ine mayelana 200 namaminerali.
• Silicates - iqembu ebanzi kakhulu namaminerali adingwa zihlanganisa silicon aluminium. Ngokwesibonelo, ithophazi plagioclase, oyinyoka. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi ngaphambi kokusungulwa phambi ipuleti ingilazi ezifakiwe amafasitela mica.

Manje, ukuze ubone umehluko futhi ukuhlukana amatshe namaminerali, sichaza umqondo wegama elithi isihloko sokuqala.

rocks

uqweqwe amaminerali Zomhlaba awatholakali izimo angawodwa. Njengomthetho, ngaphansi kwethonya izici zangaphandle, bona sihlanganise efomini amatshe. Ngakho, amaminerali zihlukile edwaleni ukuthi kuyinto isakhiwo ebalulekile block. Kodwa hhayi sonke sihilelekile namaminerali kumiswa amatshe. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi zibahlukanise emadwaleni-ukwakha (ikakhulukazi silicates) kanye ekhuphukayo.

Ukwahlukanisa rocks

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okucacile okungaphezulu namaminerali zihlukile emadwaleni, sichaza ukwakheka yokugcina. Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amathathu yamadwala endleleni lendabuko yalo:

• Magma ezakhiwe magma effusion emhlabeni noma mkhulu phezu (izintaba-mlilo). Ziyakwazi kwezinhlobo eyinhloko, zazo kuholele amathonya ezahlukene kwemvelo kwakhiwa amaqembu zohlobo ezimbili ezisele. Ngokwesibonelo, egwadle, le-basalt, gabbro.
• Metamorphic ezakhiwe zomhlaba ukunyakaza ungqimba lomhlaba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi le inhlabathi namadwala magmatic babesendlini futhi e eMhlabeni mkhulu futhi kukhona ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa eliphezulu nokucindezelwa siguqulelwa izinhlobo ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, gneiss, schist, zemabula.
• I share yamadwala sedimentary akhawunti% 10 kuphela. Basuke kwakhiwa ngenxa umoya isinyathelo magmatites amanzi ngokufanele kwi komhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, eluvium, talus, alluvium.

Ukwakheka amatshe namaminerali - eduze kuhlobene. Sinquma ukuthi amaminerali zihlukile edwaleni, futhi singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi lezi zingxenye uqweqwe eMhlabeni zihlobene kakhulu.