Ukufakwa komhlabathi. Ukuguquka kwenhlabathi ebuthakathaka

Ngaphambi kokuqala ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo sendlu, ukuhlinzwa okufana nokuhlola amandla okuthwala kwenhlabathi kufanele kwenziwe ngokungazelelwe . Izifundo zenziwa ebhokisithri ekhethekile. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi kube khona ingozi yokuwa kwesakhiwo ngesikhathi sakhiwa endaweni ethile, kubonakala ukuthi izinyathelo ezihloswe ekuqinisekiseni noma esikhundleni somhlabathi zingenziwa.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Yonke inhlabathi ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo eziningana eziyisisekelo:

• Rocky. Amelela i-rock solid massif. Ungayitholi umswakama, ungangeni futhi ubhekwe njengengewona uqobo. Isisekelo ngalezi zizathu asingcwatshwa. Emadwaleni kufaka phakathi nenhlabathi ebanzi yama- classic, ehlanganisa izingcezu ezinkulu zamadwala. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi amatshe ahlanganiswe nenhlabathi yobumba, inhlabathi ibhekwa njengento encane, uma i-sandy - ingenayo imbopho.
• Ubuningi. Imhlabathi enezakhiwo zemvelo eziphazamisekile. Kulula nje, uthele ngamakhemikhali. Izakhiwo ezifanayo zingakhiwa, kodwa kufanele uqale wenze inqubo efana nokuhlanganiswa kwenhlabathi.
• Clayey. Ziqukethe izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu (ezingekho ngaphezu kuka-0.01 mm), zithatha amanzi kahle futhi zibhekwa njengezikhukhumeza. Amadolobha asetshenziswe emhlabathini onjalo anamandla kakhulu kunezintambo nezihlabathi. Yonke inhlabathi yobumba ihlukaniswa ibe yi-loam, i-loam enesihlabathi kanye nobumba. Lezi zihlanganisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, u-loess.
• Sandy. Zinezinhlayiya ezinkulu zeshlabathi (kuze kube ngu-5 mm). Inhlabathi enjalo inamandla kakhulu, kodwa ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, izindlu ezakhiwe phezu kwazo, zihlala phansi ekujuleni okujulile. Inhlabathi yasenhlabathini ihlelwa ngokulingana nobukhulu bezinhlayiyana. Izizathu ezinhle kunazo zonke izihlabathi ze-gravel (izinhlayiyana ezivela ku-0.25 kuya ku-5 mm).
• Okusheshayo. Umhlaba omile, ogcwele amanzi. Iningi livame ukuvela emanzini. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kubhekwa njengakungafanelekile.

Ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo ngezinhlobo kwenziwa ngokuhambisana ne-GOST. Imhlabathi ihlolwa ezimweni zokubhubhisa ngencazelo yezimpawu zomzimba nezomzimba. Lezi zincwadi ziyisisekelo sokubala amandla ezisekelo zezakhiwo. Ngokusho kwe-GOST 25100-95, yonke inhlabathi ihlukaniswe edwaleni futhi engekho-subsidence, subsidence kanye non-saline, usawoti kanye non-saline.

Okuyisisekelo Sokwemvelo

Lapho kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwelabhoratri, imingcele yemhlabathi inqunywa:

• Umswakama.
• I-Porosity.
• I-Plasticity.
• Ubuningi.
• Ubuningi bezinhlayiyana.
• I-Modulus ye-deformation.
• Ukuphikisa ukugcoba.
• I-Angle of friction of izinhlayiya.

Ukwazi ubukhulu bezinhlayiya, ungakwazi ukunquma futhi inkomba enjengobuningi behlabathi. Okokuqala, kubalwa ukunquma ukubunjwa kwe-mineralogical yomhlaba. Iqiniso liwukuthi izinhlayiya eziphilayo kakhulu emhlabathini, ukunciphisa amandla okukhiqiza.

Yimuphi umhlabathi ongabalwa njengobuthakathaka

Inqubo yokwenza izivivinyo zelabhorethri inqunywe yi-GOST. Umhlabathi uhlolwa ngokusetshenziswa kwemishini ekhethekile. Umsebenzi kulokhu kwenzeka kuphela ngabachwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe.

Uma, ngenxa yezivivinyo, kubonakalisiwe ukuthi izici zomzimba nezomzimba zenhlabathi azivumeli izakhiwo zokwakha nezakhiwo kuwo ngaphandle kokubeka ukuhlukumeza kwabo noma ukwephulwa komthetho, umhlabathi ubonakala unobuthakathaka. Kulabo, ikakhulukazi, bafaka ukuphuthuma kanye nenhlabathi evulekile. Umhlaba ongenamandla, onesihlabathi, onesihlabathi, onama-peyy and clayey onamaphesenti aphezulu ezinsalela zomzimba nawowabuthakathaka.

Uma inhlabathi esakhiweni ibuthakathaka, ukwakhiwa kuvame ukudluliselwa kwenye indawo ngesisekelo esihle kakhulu. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi lokhu akunakwenzeka. Isibonelo, endaweni encane eyimfihlo. Kulesi simo, kungenziwa kunqunywe ukwakha isisekelo sezinqwaba ngokujula kokubeka izendlalelo ezinomsoco. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala kungcono ukufaka esikhundleni noma ukuqinisa inhlabathi. Zombili lezi zenzo zibiza kakhulu ngokwezindleko zomnotho nezesikhathi.

Ukufakwa komhlabathi: isimiso

Inqubo ingenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Ukukhethwa kwendlela kuxhomeke ekujuleni kwesibalo sezinhlayizi ezinomsoco. Uma kungenkulu, inhlabathi ebuthakathaka enekhono lokukhiqiza ngokwanele isuswa kalula. Ngokuqhubekayo ngesisekelo esincane sendawo engaphansi kwesigcawu sithwala umjovo ongekho kahle ovela enhlanganeni yesihlabathi, amagravel, amatshe kanye nezinye izinto ezifanayo. Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa kuphela uma ubungqimba bokwakheka komhlabathi obuthakathaka kusayithi akudluli ngamamitha amabili.

Ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka ukuthi inhlabathi enamandla kakhulu. Kulesi simo, umcamelo ungafakwa futhi ube buthakathaka. Kodwa-ke, kulokhu, kubalulekile ukwenza izibalo ezinembile zobukhulu bayo ezindizeni eziqondile nezinamabala. Ngokubanzi, ingcindezi encane ngenxa yokusabalalisa kwengcindezi izoba emhlabathini obuthakathaka. Imithwalo enjalo ingasetshenziswa isisekelo sezinhlobo zonke.

Uma usebenzisa isisekelo esinjalo sokufakelwa, kunengozi yokuchoboza umcamelo ngesisindo sakhiwo. Kulesi simo, kuyovele iqale ukukhuphuka emhlabathini okhuni kusuka kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Indlu ngokwayo iyoxazululwa, futhi ingenalutho, engabangela ukubhujiswa kwezakhi zayo zesakhiwo. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, ishidi lokubamba lifakwe eceleni komjikelezo wendawo . Phakathi kwezinye izinto, zivimbela ingxube ye-sandlogging yesihlabathi neyehlula.

Kungenzeka yini ukuguqula umhlabathi kusayithi ngokwawo

Ukufakwa komhlabathi ngaphansi kwesisekelo kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ekuqhutshweni kwezifundo nezibalo ezifanele. Yebo, ngeke isebenze. Ngakho-ke, cishe, kuzodingeka simeme ochwepheshe. Kodwa-ke, uma kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezingabizi kakhulu, isibonelo, umnotho, lo msebenzi ungenziwa futhi "ngeso". Nakuba singasenaki ukweluleka ukuthatha izingozi, kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa okujwayelekile, ake sibheke le nqubo ngokuningiliziwe. Ngakho, izigaba zomsebenzi kuleli cala zimi kanje:

• Ukuthungwa kwenziwa kwisisekelo esincane.
• Emgodini kuze kube sezingeni lesisekelo sesisekelo esizayo, isihlabathi sobukhulu obuphakathi sigcwele. Ukubuyisela emuva kukhishwa yizingxenye zobuncane obukhulu nge-rammer ngayinye. Ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa, ishlabathi kufanele sisetshenziswe ngamanzi. I-jigging kufanele yenziwe ngokucophelela ngangokunokwenzeka. Esihlabathini ngokwayo, akumele kube khona iziqu, ikakhulukazi ezinkulu. Ngezinye izikhathi, esikhundleni salo, izingxube zekhonkri nama-slags zisetshenziswa.

Uma kwenzeka isisekelo sokufakelwa sisetshenziselwa isisekelo, kubalulekile futhi ukuhlela uhlelo lokuhambisa amanzi ngaphakathi kwendlu. Lokhu kuzokwandisa kancane umthamo womhlabathi ozungeze umhlabathi futhi uvimbele ukuqhuma kwayo ezinhlangothini.

Isebenza ekudaleni uhlelo lokudonsa amanzi

Okulandelayo, cabangela ukuthi ungahlela kanjani uhlelo lokugeleza kusayithi. Izindonga zesisekelo sokuthembeka zingcono ezingenawo amanzi. Ngakho, izici zenqubo:

• Imitha esakhiwe esakhiweni ingumgodla. Ukuthungwa kwenziwa ngaphansi kokujula kwesisekelo. Ububanzi - hhayi ngaphansi kuka-30 cm. Umthamo wephansi komsele kufanele ube okungenani u-1 cm ngehora elilodwa lobude.
• Umgogodla uphethwe futhi uhlanganiswe ngendwangu yamasentimitha amahlanu.
• Esikhathini sasisakazeni iGeotextile ngokulungiswa kwemiphetho ekugciniwe kwe-moat.
• Thela ungqimba lwamamitha ayishumi wamatshe.
• Faka ipayipi le-perforated drainage.
• Simboze ngendwangu yamatshe engama-10 cm.
• Gcoba "ikhekhe" ngasekupheleni kwe-geotextile bese uyigcoba.
• Balala yonke indawo ngenhlabathi, beshiya ama-observation cores emakhoneni esakhiweni.
• Ekupheleni kwepayipi, i-receiver kahle ihlelwe. Khipha okungenani amamitha amahlanu kusuka odongeni lwesakhiwo.
• Igrafu ithululelwa phansi komthombo futhi isitsha sepulasitiki enezimbobo eziboshwe phansi zibekwa khona.
• Thatha ipayipi singene kwisitsha.
• Phezulu, umthombo uhlanganiswe ngamabhodi futhi ufafazwe umhlaba.

Yiqiniso, isakhiwo ngokwalo kufanele sibe uhlelo lokudonsa amanzi.

Inhlabathi iqiniswa kanjani?

Kusukela ukufakwa komhlabathi - ukusebenza kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyabiza, ngokuvamile kufakwa esikhundleni senqubo yokuqinisa isisekelo sesisekelo. Kulesi simo, izindlela eziningi ezahlukene zingasetshenziswa. Enye yezinto ezivame kakhulu yi-ramming yenhlabathi, engase ibe yinkimbinkimbi noma ejulile. Esikhathini sokuqala sisebenzisa umshini wokuthambisa ngesimo se-cone. Iphakanyiswa ngenhla emhlabathini futhi yehla phansi ukuphakama okuthile. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ukulungiselela ukwakhiwa kwenhlabathi eningi.

Ukunciphisa inhlabathi okujulile kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa amakholi akhethekile. Bahlatshwa phansi bese bekhishwa. Izimbiza eziphethwe zimbozwe ngesihlabathi esomile noma zithelwe ngekhonkri.

Indlela yokushisa

Ukukhethwa kokukhethwa kokuqinisa inhlabathi kuncike, okokuqala, ekubunjweni kwayo, inqubo yokunquma okulawulwa yi-GOST. Imhlabathi, ukuhlukaniswa okwenziwe ngenhla, kuvame ukudinga ukuqiniswa kuphela uma beyiqembu elingeyona inhlamba.

Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokukhulisa isheshri. Isetshenziselwa umhlabathi we-loess futhi ivumela ukuqinisa ukujula kwamamitha angaba ngu-15. Kulesi simo, umoya oshisayo kakhulu (600-800 degrees Celsius) ujova emhlabathini ngamapayipi. Ngezinye izikhathi ukwelashwa okufudumele kwenhlabathi kwenziwa ngendlela ehlukile. Ama-Wells abamba phansi. Bese bahlanganisa imikhiqizo engabhubhisa ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Ama-pre-boreholes ayavalwa uphawu. Ngemuva kokwelashwa okunjalo, inhlabathi e-calcined izuza izakhiwo zomzimba we-ceramic futhi ilahlekelwa ikhono lokuqoqa amanzi nokuvuvukala.

Isitatimende

Umhlabathi onesihlabathi (isithombe salolu hlobo luvezwa ngezansi) luqiniswa ngendlela ehlukile - ukuqinisekiswa. Kulesi simo, amapayipi ahlanganiswa kuwo, lapho kusetshenziswa khona amatshe okudayi noma amakhemikhali e-sement. Ngezinye izikhathi le ndlela isetshenziselwa ukufaka imifantu nemifantu ezindaweni eziyidwala.

Ukungahlanganisi kwenhlabathi

Ku-quicksand, inhlabathi enohlabathi enomhlabathi ne-macroporous, indlela ye-silicification isetshenziswa kaningi. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe lokhu, isisombululo seglasi eliketshezi kanye ne- potassium chloride lijojelwe emipayipi . Umjovo ungenziwa ekujuleni kwamamitha angaphezu kwezingama-20. Indawo yokusabalalisa ingilazi yamanzi ngokuvamile ifinyelela kumitha eyodwa yesikwele. Lokhu kuphumelela kakhulu, kepha futhi indlela ebiza kakhulu yokukhulisa. Ukunciphisa okuncane kwenhlabathi, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, kubonisa okuqukethwe kwezinhlayiyana eziphilayo kulo. Kwezinye izimo lokwakheka nakho kungathuthukiswa nge-silicification.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezindleko zokufaka esikhundleni nokuqiniswa kwenhlabathi

Yiqiniso, ukusebenza okuqinisekisiwe kuyoba kubi kakhulu kunomumo ogcwele wenhlabathi. Ukuze siqhathanise, ake siqale ukuthila ukuthi kuzodingeka kangakanani ukudala umhlabathi we-gravel wokufakelwa we-1 m ³ . Khetha umhlaba kusuka kumitha eyodwa yendawo yamamitha yendawo kuyobiza nge-7 cu. Izindleko zemfucuza ziyi-10 cu. Ku-1 m ³ . Ngakho, ukushintshwa komhlaba obuthakathaka kuzodla u-7 cu Ukulahla kanye no-7 cu Ukuze uthole igravel ehambayo, plus 10 cu Ihluzo ngokwayo. Ingqikithi engu-24 USD. Ukuqiniswa kwenhlabathi kubiza ama-10-12 USD, okuyizikhathi ezimbili ezishibhile.

Kulokhu konke singathola isiphetho esilula. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi inhlabathi esakhiweni ibuthakathaka, kufanele ukhethe enye indawo yokwakhiwa kwendlu. Uma kungenalo ithuba, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukhetho lokumisa isakhiwo kumathambo. Ukuqiniswa nokufaka indawo enhlabathini kuyenziwa kuphela njengesenzo sokugcina. Uma kunqunywa isidingo senqubo enjalo, i-SNiP ne-GOST kufanele iqondiswe. Umhlabathi, ukuhlukaniswa kwawo okwenziwe yiziqondiso, kuqiniswa ngezindlela ezifanele ukwakheka kwazo.