Sinjani isimo ngokomzimba? Inkulumo Echaza Isimo Sezwe ndaba

Imibuzo ngalokho isimo wokuhlanganisa, yini izici futhi izici ukudla okuqinile, uketshezi kanye amagesi zihlanganiswe izifundo eziningana zokuqeqesha. Kukhona uthi ezintathu zasendulo ndaba, izici zalo isici isakhiwo. ukuqonda wabo iphuzu elibalulekile ekuqondeni umhlaba kwezesayensi, lo eziphilayo womsebenzi ezimbonini. Lezi zinkinga basafunda physics, i-chemistry, i-geography, yokuma komhlaba, i-chemistry ngokomzimba kanye nezinye ngokwesayensi. I izinto kukhona, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kwelinye izinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo uthi kungashintshwa ngokwandisa noma ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi. Cabanga ukuhwebelana kwenzeke esimweni omunye komunye njengoba zenzeka emvelweni, ubuciko nokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Sinjani isimo ngokomzimba?

IZwi umsuka Latin "aggrego" zihunyushelwe izindlela Russian "ukunamathisela." elithi Scientific libhekisela esimweni umzimba unesimo esifana. Ukuba khona ngaphansi amagugu ezithile lokushisa nokucindezelwa ukudla okuqinile ezahlukene, amagesi futhi uketshezi esivamile zonke amagobolondo Zomhlaba. Ngaphezu uthi ezintathu eziyisisekelo wokuhlanganisa, kukhona lesine. Ngezinye lokushisa ephakeme kanye at njalo ingcindezi gas is ibe plasma. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi yini isimo wokuhlanganisa, kubalulekile ukukhumbula izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo ezakha ndaba futhi umzimba.

Esikhathini isikimu eboniswe ngenhla: futhi - igesi; b - uketshezi; ne - okuqinile. Kulezi zibalo lezi ziyingi ibhalwe timphawu tesakhiwo izinto. Lolu phawu, eqinisweni, la ma-athomu, amangqamuzana, ion akuzona amabhola okuqinile. Atoms sakhiwa core kahle icala emhlabeni lapho lihamba ngesivinini electron omubi icala. Ulwazi isakhiwo ezincane leyo nto ngenjongo yokukusiza ukuba uliqonde kangcono umehluko ukuthi akhona phakathi izinhlobo ezihlukene ekuhlanganisweni.

Imibono mayelana microworld: kusukela eGrisi lasendulo kuya kweleshumi XVII

Ulwazi lokuqala mayelana izinhlayiyana, okuyinto umzimba wenyama eligoqiwe, uvele eGrisi lasendulo. Ongqondongqondo Demokrit futhi Epicure wasungula umqondo ezifana athomu. Babekholelwa ukuthi izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo indivisible izinto ezahlukene umumo Uchaze usayizi, uyakwazi ukuhamba kanye nokuxhumana komunye nomunye. Atomism kwaba eziphambili kakhulu ngesikhathi sawo izimfundiso eGrisi lasendulo. Kodwa intuthuko yayo ekhuluphalisiweyo e ngenkathi ephakathi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ososayensi baphishekela iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki ka iSonto LamaRoma Katolika. Ngakho-ke, kuze kube namuhla kwakungekho umqondo kungacacile ukuthi yini isimo ndaba. Kuphela emva ososayensi XVII ekhulwini uRobert Boyle, M. Lomonosov, D. Dalton, Lavoisier washayelwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela-athomu-yamangqamuzana, awalulahlanga ukuqondana abo namuhla.

Atoms, ama-molecule ion - izinhlayiya ezincane zendaba isakhiwo

A intuthuko enkulu ekuqondeni microcosm kwenzeka ekhulwini XX, lapho microscope electron yasungulwa. Uma kucatshangelwa zatholwa ososayensi ngaphambi, wakwazi walala isithombe lovumelanako microworld. Umbono wokuthi ichaza isimo nokuziphatha izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo zonke daba, kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi, basonta emkhakheni we-quantum physics. Ukuze ukuqonda ahlukene uquqaba ndaba ngokwanele ukwazi amagama kanye nezici isakhi izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ukuthi izinto.

1. Atoms - izinhlayiya amakhemikhali indivisible. Elondolozwe ku zamakhemikhali, kodwa libhujiswa ngo zenuzi. Izinsimbi kanye nezinye izinto eziningi isakhiwo yama-athomu abaqinile isimo aggregate ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile.
2. Ama-molecule - izinhlayiya okuyinto akhiwa futhi libhujiswa ngo zamakhemikhali. I ukwakheka kwama-molecule kukhona umoya-mpilo, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi, isikhutha, i-sulphur. isimo Physical umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, i-sulphur dioxide, i-carbon, i-oksijini, ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile - gaseous.
3. Ion - izinhlayiya icala, eziguqulelwa ku kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane inamathelisiwe noma ulahlekelwe electron - izinhlayiya ezincane omubi icala. Ionic isakhiwo Ziningi usawoti, ezifana sodium, lensimbi nelethusi sulfate.

Noma yini esaluketshezi, okuyinto izinhlayiya ahlelwe ngendlela ethile emkhathini. I ngaphambilini isikhundla isihlobo-athomu, ion, amangqamuzana omoya ngokuthi ngehele. Ngokuvamile, ionic futhi-athomu crystalline ngehele esibonakala ukudla okuqinile yamangqamuzana - I-uketshezi kanye amagesi. ubulukhuni High diamond lihlukile. -athomu crystalline ngehele zayo ezakhiwe ngama-athomu carbon. Kodwa-graphite esithambile futhi siqukethe athomu isici zamakhemikhali. bamane nje ehlukile basakaza emkhathini. Isilinganiso aggregate isimo nesibabule - okuqinile, kodwa ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu okokusebenza kuba mass liquid amorphous.

Into esimweni okuqinile

I ukudla okuqinile ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile egcinwe ivolumu shape. Ngokwesibonelo, okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu ushukela, usawoti, ucezu rock noma insimbi. Uma shisisa ushukela, ketshezi iqala igcwale amanzi, kuphenduke uketshezi onsundu viscous. Misa Ukushisa - emuva ukunikeza okuqinile. Yingakho omunye izimo eyinhloko umzimba esiqinile inguqulelo uketshezi - amalahle noma ophakamisa amandla yangaphakathi izinhlayiya kwendaba. Solid isimo usawoti, okuyinto esetshenziswa ukudla, futhi, ungashintsha. Kodwa ukuze ancibilike chloride sodium, badinga lokushisa ephakeme kunaleyo nge Ukushisa ushukela. Iqiniso lokuthi ushukela sakhiwa ama-molecule usawoti - ion icala, okuyinto kakhulu bakhangane. I ukudla okuqinile musa ukugcina isimo sabo esikhathini ewuketshezi, ngoba ngamahele crystal ubhujiswe.

isimo Uketshezi encibilika usawoti kungenxa ukudabuka ukuxhumana phakathi athomu e zinhlayiya. Zivimbele izinhlayiya icala okungakusiza ukuba amacala kagesi. nosawoti oncibilikisiwe ukuqhuba ugesi, kukhona babashayeli. Esikhathini zamakhemikhali, Metallurgical nobunjiniyela izimboni eziqinile aguqulwa ku liquid omunye compounds inoveli noma lidlulisele ezihlukile. Kube ukusetshenziswa kabanzi metal Alloys. Kunezindlela eziningana ukuhileleka nezinguquko isimo wokuhlanganisa izinto eziqinile okuluhlaza.

Liquid - omunye uthi eziyisisekelo wokuhlanganisa

Lapho batheleka esiyindilinga phansi igabha ne 50 ml wamanzi, kungabonwa ukuthi into uyomenzela ayesisebenzisa ngokushesha zamakhemikhali. Kodwa njengoba masinyane njengoba we Spill amanzi kusukela umfuma, uketshezi ngokushesha sandile phezu kwetafula. Umthamo wamanzi izohlala injalo - 50 ml, futhi ezakheke zizoshintsha. Lezi zici sici ewuketshezi wempilo kwendaba. Uketshezi kukhona izinto eziningi eziphilayo: alcohols, zemifino amafutha, acid.

Ubisi - .. An emulsion, ie uketshezi amaconsi amafutha atholakala lapho. Ngilusizo wezinsalela zamandulo uketshezi - uwoyela. Khiphela ke emithonjeni ngamafutha yokumba ezweni olwandle. amanzi oLwandle ubuye impahla eluhlaza for umkhakha. It ihlukile fresh amachibi amanzi nemifula iwukugcina izinto kakhulu ziyoncibilika, ikakhulukazi usawoti. Nge ebusweni ukuhwamuka amachibi ukuqhutshwa isimo umusi kuphela molecule H ₂ O, solutes ahlale. Kuleli impahla ngokusekelwe izindlela yokuthola izakhi olwandle nendlela ukuyihlanza.

Lapho ukususwa ngokuphelele nosawoti okulungiselelwe ngamanzi distilled. It amathumba at 100 ° C, yiqhwa ngesikhathi 0 ° C. Brines ubilise futhi baphendukele eqhweni nezinye izinkomba lokushisa. Ngokwesibonelo, amanzi e-Arctic Ocean zilimaze ezingeni lokushisa phezu 2 ° C.

isimo Physical mercury ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile - ketshezi. Lokhu metal esiliva-grey ngokuvamile egcwele lokushisa wezokwelapha. Lapho ukufuthelana, le mercury liphuma kulesi silinganiso, kukhona ejenti ukunwetshwa. Kungani e le thermometer emgwaqweni sebenzisa ezinemibala nge red upende utshwala esikhundleni mercury? Lokhu kuchazwe property kwensimbi ketshezi. Ngezinye degrees 30 ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa mercury aggregate izinguquko zesimo, indaba iba okuqinile.

Uma izinga lokushisa wezokwelapha waphula wathela mercury amabhola esiliva ukuqoqa izingalo yingozi. Iyingozi donsa mercury umusi, kuba into enobuthi kakhulu. Izingane ezimweni ezinjalo kubalulekile ukufuna isizo abazali, abantu abadala.

isimo gaseous

Gaza akakwazi ukugcina kwakhe noma umthamo noma umumo. Gcwalisa luphondvo kuze kufinyelele e-oxygen phezulu (ifomula ayo chemical O _2). Kwakuthi nje lapho thina ukuvula umfuma, molecule ketshezi uzobe exutshwe emoyeni egumbini. Lokhu kungenxa ezinyakazayo Brownian. Usosayensi yamaGreki asendulo Democritus babekholelwa ukuthi izinhlayiya ndaba ziyahamba njalo. I ukudla okuqinile ngaphansi evamile izimo, ama-athomu, amangqamuzana, ion, akukho kungenzeka ukushiya eheleni crystal, khulula yokukhululeka nezinye izinhlayiya. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma semali amandla ngaphandle.

Ngo uketshezi, ibanga phakathi izinhlayiya inkudlwana kuka e ukudla okuqinile, zidinga isilinganiso samandla esingaphansi ukuphula izibopho aphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uketshezi isimo aggregate umoya-mpilo laligujwa kuphela ashisa igesi ephansi -183 ° C. Ngezinye -223 ° C O _2-molecule akha okuqinile. Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngenhla amanani anikeziwe ibe umoya-mpilo igesi. Kuleli fomu ingaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Ngezinye izindawo zezimboni babe ukufakwa ekhethekile ekwehlukaniseni emoyeni umkhathi ukuthola therefrom nitrogen ne-oxygen. Okokuqala, umoya selehlile futhi uketshezi, bese kancane kancane ukwandisa izinga lokushisa. Nitrogen ne-oxygen aguqulwa ku amagesi at kwezimo ezihlukahlukene.

emkhathini iqukethe 21% by volume oksijini 78% i-nitrogen. Ewuketshezi, lezi izinto engatholakali imvilophu gaseous planethi. umoya-mpilo-Liquid uba nombala esiluhlaza, ligcwele ophezulu amasilinda ukuze isetshenziswe zezempilo. Ngo umkhakha nokwakhiwa, amagesi kuncibilike ayadingeka ukuze izinqubo eziningi kangaka. Oxygen luyadingeka igesi Welding nezinsimbi ukusika, Chemistry - I-wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic udaba namachibi ukusabela. Uma valve-mpilo isilinda evulekile, ingcindezi kuyehla, uketshezi liphenduka igesi.

Liquefied-propane, i-methane ne-butane kabanzi amandla, ezokuthutha, umkhakha nemisebenzi yasekhaya sabantu. Lezi izinto eyatholakala kusukela igesi yemvelo noma ngokuhlaziya (cleavage) we feedstock petroleum. Carbon liquid ingxube gaseous zidlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni wase-emazweni amaningi. Kodwa uwoyela negesi yemvelo izinqolobane kuthiwa kanzima isiyaphela. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi le nto izothatha iminyaka 100-120. Alternative mthombo wamandla - ukugeleza komoya (umoya). Isetshenziselwa izitshalo amandla okusheshayo egeleza emifuleni, amagagasi ogwini kwezilwandle izilwandle.

Oxygen, kanye nezinye amagesi okungase isimo wesine wokuhlanganisa, emele plasma. inguqulelo engajwayelekile kusuka okuqinile esimweni gaseous - isici isici iodine crystalline. Into amnyama asitholayo onsomi Sublimation - iphenduka ibe igesi ngaphandle kokudabula isimo uketshezi.

Njengoba ukuguquka kusuka komunye aggregate ukuba olunye uhlobo ndaba?

Izinguquko esimweni sesisonke we izinto kungukuthi ezihlobene kugucuka zamakhemikhali, lesi simanga ngokomzimba. Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ukudla okuqinile eziningi ancibilike ku uketshezi. okunye ukwanda lokushisa kungaholela ukuhwamuka, okusho ukuthi isimo gaseous kwendaba. Imvelo kanye nomnotho, ukuhwebelana abanjalo bangabaphostoli nobuntu omunye izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu eMhlabeni. Ice, uketshezi, umusi, - isimo yamanzi ezindaweni ezahlukene. Compound kuyafana, ifomula ayo - H ₂ O. At lokushisa 0 ° C ngaphansi kwaleli amanzi crystallizes, ukuthi iguqulwe ibe iqhwa. Njengoba ukwanda lokushisa okubangelwa zinhlayiya ayafa - iqhwa liyancibilika, amanzi liquid futhi etholakale. Kwakheka ngenkathi amalahle umusi. Ukuhwamuka - ukuguqulwa yamanzi uzongena kule gesi - kuyinto ngisho okushisa aphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, amaxhaphozi eqandisiwe iyanyamalala kancane kancane, ngoba amanzi iyasha. Ngisho kubanda seyomile izingubo ezimanzi, kodwa inqubo eside kunaleso ngosuku olushisayo.

Konke lokhu ukuhwebelana amanzi esimweni eyodwa kuya kwenye kubalulekile ubunjalo Earth. izimo atmosphere, kwesimo sezulu nezenzakalo ezihlobene ukuhwamuka kwamanzi aphuma kolwandle, ukudluliswa umswakama ngesimo amafu nenkungu emhlabathini, kwezulu (imvula, iqhwa, isichotho). Lesi senzakalo ziyisisekelo umjikelezo wamanzi emhlabeni.

Indlela ukushintsha isimo wokuhlanganisa sulphur?

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile sulphur - .. Ingabe zinhlayiya shiny kukhanya noma ukukhanya powder ophuzi, ie okuqinile. Physical isimo sulphur izinguquko lapho sishiswa ngakho. Okokuqala, izinga lokushisa kuvuselwa 190 ° C ophuzi Udambisa okuqinile, ekubeni uketshezi ephathekayo.

Uma ngokushesha uthele sulphur uketshezi ngamanzi abandayo, uphendulela brown mass amorphous. Lapho Ukushisa okwengeziwe nesibabule oncibilikisiwe ibe mnyama viscous ngaphezulu. Emazingeni ngenhla futhi ngo-300 ° isimo aggregate C sulphur sishintsha, ketshezi kuba izakhiwo uketshezi, iba ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. Lezi ukuguquka ngenxa ikhono ilungu ama-athomu ukwakha amaketanga lenebudze lobehlukene.

Kungani kulendaba singaba ezifundeni ezehlukene ngokomzimba?

Physical isimo sulphur - izidakamizwa elula - siqinile at izimo kuma. Sulphur dioxide - igesi, i-sulfuric acid - i ketshezi oily ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho amanzi. Ngokungafani acid hydrochloric futhi nitric akuyona oluyingozi, ubuso bayo akusho shabalala-molecule. Kuyini isimo aggregation sulphur plastic, okuyinto etholwe amalahle zinhlayiya?

Ifomu amorphous has a isakhiwo we ketshezi ketshezi, kokuba fluidity ongaphakeme. Kodwa sulphur plastic ngesikhathi esifanayo kugcina ezakheke (njengoba okuqinile). Kukhona zinhlayiya ketshezi, ifa eziningi izakhiwo nobuntu ukudla okuqinile. Ngakho, isimo izidakamizwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezihluke incike yimvelo, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi kanye nezinye izimo zemvelo.

Yiziphi izici kule nokwakheka ukudla okuqinile?

Umehluko phakathi uthi eziyisisekelo uquqaba ndaba zichazwe ngu ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-athomu, ion kanye nama-molecule. Ngokwesibonelo, kungani isimo esiqinile ndaba kuholela ikhono alondoloze usayizi umzimba futhi balolonge? Esikhathini ngehele crystal usawoti metal noma izinhlayiya kwesakhiwo ukhangwa nomunye. Ngo izinsimbi, nakanjani icala ion uxhumane okuthiwa "ama-electron igesi" - ekuqongeleleni electron khulula e ucezu metal. Okunamandla kasawoti kubangelwa Luhambo izinhlayiya oppositely icala - ion. Ibanga phakathi amayunithi isakhi ukudla okuqinile ngenhla incane kakhulu ukwedlula Ubukhulu izinhlayiya ngokwabo. Kulokhu, lo electrostatic Luhambo izenzo, sithatha amandla, futhi umuzwa wokwenyanya aluqinile.

Ukubhubhisa isimo esiqinile ndaba, kumelwe senze umzamo. Izinsimbi nosawoti, zinhlayiya-athomu ancibilike ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, insimbi iba uketshezi emazingeni okushisa ngenhla 1538 ° C. Refractory kuyinto tungsten it is ekhiqizwa kusuka intambo ukuze intambo ama. Kukhona Alloys ukuthi babe uketshezi emazingeni okushisa ngenhla 3000 ° C. Abaningi amatshe namaminerali Emhlabeni kukhona esimweni okuqinile. Lokhu impahla eluhlaza akhishwa ngosizo lobuchwepheshe ezimayini nasezinkwalini.

Izinyembezi ngisho ion eyodwa crystal kuyadingeka ukuba basebenzise esiningi namandla. Kodwa kwanele ukuncibilikisa usawoti emanzini ukuze eheleni crystal sinqamukile up! Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kungenxa izakhiwo ezimangalisayo yamanzi njengoba uketshezi polar. H ₂ O molecule ukuxubana athomu usawoti, wabhubhisa isibopho phakathi kwabo. Ngakho, ekuhlakazekeni - akuyona kuhlangana okulula izinto ezahlukene, nezingokwenyama-chemical ukuxhumana phakathi kwazo.

Indlela uxhumane molecule uketshezi?

Water kungaba ewuketshezi, okuqinile kanye negesi (umusi). Lena esimweni saso main aggregate ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. La ma-molecule yamanzi akhiwa eyodwa yomoya-mpilo-athomu, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa athomu amabili e-hydrogen. nokwehlukana Kukhona izibopho kwamakhemikhali molecule livela kuya kuma-atom-mpilo esinqunyiwe icala ezimbi. Hydrogen iba isigxobo omuhle molecule it is bakhangwa athomu-mpilo lomunye-molecule. Lona nokuxhumana ababuthakathaka iye yabizwa ngokuthi "i-hydrogen isibopho".

Liquid isimo aggregate libhekene ibanga phakathi izinhlayiya isakhi usayizi wafana. Ukukhangwa sikhona, kodwa obuthakathaka, ngakho samanzi singenalo ukugcina ukuma. Vaporization kwenzeka ngenxa yokucekelwa izibopho, okuyinto phezu kwamanzi ngisho emazingeni okushisa okuvamile.

Zikhona ekusebenzisaneni aphakathi wamagesi?

eziningi nemingcele isimo gaseous kwendaba esihlukile okuqinile futhi uketshezi. Phakathi izinhlayiya isakhi igesi, zikhona izikhala ezinkulu, kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa nobukhulu zishintshe. Kulokhu, amandla Luhambo akusebenzi. Isimo gaseous ka wokuhlanganisa nobuntu izinto ekhona ukubunjwa emoyeni: nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, isikhutha. Isibalo ngezansi cube wokuqala egcwele igesi, uketshezi wesibili, nowesithathu - ikhemikhali okuqinile.

uketshezi Ziningi oluyingozi, bathinteka ezindaweni zawo niye molecule emoyeni izidakamizwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma imbobo ukuvula amabhodlela nge hydrochloric acid ukuletha uhala ofakwe ammonia liquid, elivela intuthu emhlophe. Ngqo emoyeni kubangela ukusabela chemical phakathi hydrochloric acid ammonia, ammonium chloride eyatholakala. Ngo okuyinto isimo wokuhlanganisa lokhu Izinto? izinhlayiya zayo obumba intuthu emhlophe, letincane kakhulu okuqinile usawoti zinhlayiya. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi hood, kuba anobuthi.

isiphetho

Physical igesi isimo ufundwa izazi zesayensi eziningi ezivelele kanye bamakhemikhali: Inombolo Avogadro sika, uBoyle, Gay-Lussac, Clapeyron, uMendeleyev, Le Chatelier. Ososayensi washayelwa imithetho ezichaza ukuziphatha izinto gaseous e ukusabela zamakhemikhali, njengoba izimo ushintsho. Vula imithetho engaphathelene nje wangena esikoleni futhi inyuvesi izincwadi physics kanye ne-chemistry. Abaningi ukukhiqizwa chemical ezisekelwe olwazini ukuziphatha nezakhiwo izinto ezahlukene uthi ekuhlanganisweni.