Amachibi Tectonic izibonelo uhlu. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke glacial-zomhlaba echibini

Leli chibi-elementi hydrosphere. Lokhu emanzini, ezivukayo ngokwemvelo noma okwenziwe. Ligcwele ngaphakathi embhedeni wakhe ngamanzi futhi alinaso uxhumano ngqo olwandle noma olwandle. Ezweni kukhona abangaba yizigidi ezingu-5 kwalezi amanzi.

izici Jikelele

Ngokuya echibini kwamaplanethi ke sizinze kakhulu ngesikhathi nendawo into, egcwele into ewuketshezi. Ngomqondo othile womhlaba, linikezwa njengendawo evaliwe ikhefu sushi, lapho ingena nalapho amanzi aqoqana. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amachibi alushintshi phakathi nenkathi kuqhathaniswa eside. Indaba uligcwalise olusha, kodwa kakhulu kancane njalo kuka emfuleni. Kulesi Yiqiniso, akhona kuwo, ningenzi njengesizathu esinomthelela evelele ekunqumeni imodi. Lakes ukunikeza ukulawulwa emfuleni notshwala. Emanzini ihlolwe chemical yokusabela. Phakathi ekusebenzisaneni phakathi izakhi zibekwe inhlabathi phansi, enye ukudlula emanzini. Kwezinye amadamu, ngokuvamile ngaphandle ukugeleza, kukhuphuke angaphezulu aqukethe usawoti ongaba ngenxa ukuhwamuka. Ngenxa yalokho yale nqubo kukhona Ushintsho olukhulu olwenziwa usawoti amachibi nokumbiwa kwengoma. Ngenxa inertia ezinkulu ezishisayo yokukhipha izinto ezinkulu ukuthambisa izimo zezulu esishintshashintshayo eduze, ekunciphiseni zonyaka kanye yonyaka oscillations Meteorological.

imibhede bottomset

Lapho ekuqongeleleni ushintsho olutheni impumuzo, ubukhulu echibini nezitsha. Lapho eutrophication amafomu amasha ikhiqizwa - flat futhi convex. Lakes ngokuvamile yakha umgoqo komhlaba. Lokhu, kubangela waterlogging izindawo indawo eseduze. Emachibini, kukhona olwenzeka esiqhubekayo amaminerali kanye izakhi organic. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka amafutha ukujiya enamandla. Basuke Ushintshe ngokuhamba ukuqhubeka amadamu kanye kokuwaguqulela ezweni noma ixhaphozi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, inzika siguqulelwa idwala namaminerali Lokudabuka organic.

Izici zemfundo

Amadamu zenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. abasunguli yabo zingumoya zemvelo, amanzi, amabutho zomhlaba. Uma uyikha phezulu le kungenziwa wageza ephuma emanzini umcengezi. Ngenxa avale isinyathelo kwakhiwa inkatho. Glacier polishes umgodi futhi nciphisa sifanamsindvo esigodini sezintaba emfuleni. Ngakho uthole embhedeni ngoba ikusasa lalowo ichibi. Emva ukugcwalisa amanzi echibini zenzeka. Emanzini geography ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka indlela kumiswa, khona ukuphila, lokuhlushwa nosawoti. Kuphela amachibi nosawoti iningi eziphilayo. Iningi imizimba amanzi wadala ngenxa displacement ungqimba lomhlaba, noma ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo.

ngezigaba

Esikhathini sawo sokuphila umsuka amadamu zihlukaniswe zibe:

1. amachibi Tectonic. Basuke ezakhiwe amanzi ukugcwaliswa ukuqhekeka e cortex. Ngakho, i-shift elamiswa ngalo iCaspian Sea - kwekulu echibini Russia kanye yonke le mbulunga. Ngaphambi ephakamisa we Caucasian yokhalo iCaspian Sea eyayihlobene Black. Esinye isibonelo salokhu ukwa emikhulu iyona isakhiwo East African Rift. It osuka esifundeni eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe izwekazi beya enyakatho kuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia. Lapha, kuvela iketango amachibi zomhlaba. Kubhekwe echibini edume kunazo zonke. Albert, Tanganyika, Edward, Isi-Nyasa (Malawi). Lolu hlelo Siyasebenza uze uyofika oLwandle Olufile. It kubhekwa ongaphakeme-agibele amahhashi echibini zomhlaba emhlabeni.
2. Imifula.
3. amachibi Kogu (izizalo zemifula, amachweba). It kubhekwa edume kakhulu Venetian Lagoon. Itholakala endaweni esenyakatho-Adriatic Sea.
4. Ehlulekayo echibini. Njengoba omunye izici ezinye zalezi amadamu kuyinto ukuvela kwabo gqwa ukunyamalala. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa incike Dynamics ezithile yamanzi engaphansi kwenhlabathi. Isibonelo esingokoqobo ka Karst echibini ubhekwa echibini. Ertsov ise South. Ossetia.
5. Intaba amadamu. Ziyakwazi ezilwandle umgogodla.
6. amachibi glacial. Basuke kwakhiwa eshintshashintshayo ice ukujiya.
7. echibini uwenze idamu. amadamu okunjalo akhiwa ngesikhathi kuwa entabeni ingxenye. Isibonelo salokhu chibi echibini. Ritz, elise Abkhazia.

amadamu wentaba-mlilo

Lezi amachibi zitholakala asemigodini yokuqothulwa futhi ukuvunguza amapayipi. amadamu batholakala Europe. Ngokwesibonelo, amachibi wentaba-mlilo zikhona Eifel (Germany). Eduze kwabo ephawulwe ukubonakaliswa ezibuthakathaka mlilo ngesimo ezishisayo. Njengoba owande kakhulu amachibi enjalo kuphuma efayiliwe ngamanzi wentaba. Oz. Cray noSosiphatru Mazama intabamlilo e Oregon kwamiswa angaphezulu kwangu-6.5 ayizinkulungwane. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Ubukhulu bayo - 10 km, ukujula -. 589 m Ingxenye amachibi kwakheka inqubo ukugeleza block wentaba-mlilo lava wezigodi. Kancane kancane buthelela amanzi bese bakha ichibi. Ngokwesibonelo, kwakukhona echibini. Kivu - Basin isakhiwo East African Rift, esisogwini komngcele waseRwanda Zaire. Escaping kanye isuka kuleli chibi. Tanganyika wesifunda. Ruzizi esigodini ligeleza Kivu ngasenyakatho, ohlangothini iNayile. Kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ngemuva ukuqhuma wesiteshi eseduze uvinjiwe, yena egcwele ingaphakathi.

nezinye izinhlobo

Lakes ungakheka e izimbotshana namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe. Amanzi kuyasiqeda idwala, ukwakha emhumeni omkhulu. Lezi amachibi kungenzeka ezindaweni komhlaba usawoti imali. Lakes kungenzeka yokufakelwa. Basuke kwakusho njengoba umthetho, ngokuba kugcinwe amanzi ngezinhloso ezehlukene. Ngokuvamile ukudalwa amachibi yokufakelwa exhunywe ne enifeza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba earthmoving. Nokho, kwezinye izimo, ukubukeka kwabo ovela eceleni yophenyo yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, imizimba amanzi yokufakelwa akhiwa imigodi athuthukile. Phakathi namachibi ngobukhulu Lake Kuyaphawuleka. Nasser, esisogwini komngcele waseSudan neGibhithe. Yasungulwa yi damming nesigodi emfuleni. Neil. Esinye isibonelo elikhulu yokufakelwa kuyinto echibini. Mead. Kwakubonakala ngemva kokumiswa edamini emfuleni. Colorado. Ngokuvamile, lezi amachibi ukukhonza lendawo amandla kagesi, ukuhlinzeka amanzi nemizana eseduze nendawo ezizobekwa ezimbonini.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke glacial-zomhlaba echibini

Njengoba enye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zemizimba amanzi ukhonza ukuhamba ungqimba lomhlaba. Ngenxa lokhu kuqhela kunombolo izimo kwenzeka ilele izinguzunga zeqhwa. Amadamu kuvamile kakhulu emathafeni nasezintabeni. Abakwazi itholakale nemicengezi, namagquma ayimigodi. Glacial-zomhlaba kwechibi (izibonelo: Ladoga, Onega) ivamile impela e Nenkabazwe. Kusuka kwesokunxele agcwalise ngokwanele ezijulile ngemuva. Zinqwabelanisa amanzi ncibilika. Imali (moraine) neziqu ukucindezeleka. Ngakho-ke kwamiswa amachibi Lake District. Phansi Omkhulu Arber kuyinto echibini. Arberzee. Lokhu kwesigubhu kwaba ngemva Ubudala Ice.

amachibi Tectonic izibonelo izici

amadamu okunjalo akhiwa izingxenye ukuqhela uqweqwe futhi amakhefu. Ngokuvamile, amachibi zomhlaba emhlabeni ijulile futhi ayibanzi. Basuke izimpawu amabhange emaweni we ngqo. Lezi amadamu kukhona okungcono ngokusebenzisa zigodi. Russia zomhlaba kwechibi (izibonelo: Kuril eKamchatka futhi eminye) kuhluke phansi ongaphakeme-agibele amahhashi (ngezansi ezingeni ocean). Ngakho, leli chibi. Kuril etholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu eKamchatka, esigodini olunothile ezijulile. Village uzungezwe izintaba. I ichibi ukujula esiphezulu -. 360 m It has amabhange emaweni kusukela okuyisona sebuningini yetintsaba. Kusukela kwesigubhu ageleza p. Lake. On the amabhange oza ebusweni ezishisayo. Phakathi kwechibi kukhona egqumeni elincane - le kwesinye isiqhingana esigcwele. Ibizwa ngokuthi "inhliziyo-itshe." Budebuduze ichibi ezifakwa eziyingqayizivele ilula. Zibizwa ngokuthi Kuthiny baht. Namuhla echibini. Kuril kuyinto inqolobane nemvelo futhi yamemezela etshalwe lesikhumbuzo zemvelo.

iphrofayela phansi

echibini glacial-zomhlaba zezwe ziye ngqo kuchazwe impumuzo. It umelwe ijika eziphukile. ezifakwa glacial nezinqubo accumulative e inhlabathi kungenzeka nomthelela kwi ngokucacile emigqeni nezitsha. Nokho, kwezinye izimo, umthelela kungaba ngempela kangako. Glacial-zomhlaba phansi echibini kungenziwa embozwe "izibazi", "yemvu emabunzini". Basuke sasivumela Uboné kahle kulezi ziqhingi futhi ogwini olunamadwala. Kwakamuva ungeze ikakhulukazi i-rock. Ziyakwazi kabi amenable ukuba ukuguguleka, nakho kubangela ijubane sedimentation ongaphakeme. Okunjalo zomhlaba echibini eRussia Page njengoba = a = 2-4 bese 4-10. zone Deep (kuka 10 m) umthamo Imininingwane kuyinto 60-70%, engajulile (5 m) - 15-20%. amachibi Tectonic kukhona heterogeneity ezahlukene amanzi ekusebenzeni ezishisayo. Phakathi izinga lokushisa elifudumele-up esiphezulu olulondoloziwe amanzi ongaphakeme phansi. Lokhu kungenxa esitebeleni babhekane nezinga elikhulu ezishisayo. Izitshalo zinokuphila okunempilo akuvamile. Kungatholakala kubhalwe osebeni lomfula e amatheku avaliwe.

ukusabalala

Lapho, ngaphandle eKamchatka, kukhona ichibi zomhlaba? Uhlu amadamu kunazo owaziwa zesizwe kuhlanganisa nezinhlangano ezifana:

1. Sandal.
2. Sundozero.
3. Pale.
4. Randozero.
5. Salvilambi.

Lezi amadamu akhiwe emfuleni Suna. Ehlathini-asemaqeleni Trans-Urals futhi wathola echibini zomhlaba. Izibonelo amadamu:

1. Uelgi.
2. Argayash.
3. Shablish.
4. Tees.
5. Sugoyak.
6. Kaldi.
7. B. Kuyash nabanye.

I emadanyini Zauralskaya ethafeni ukujula ingeqi 8-10 m. Ekhuluma ngomsuka namachibi zihlanganisa uhlobo ukuguguleka-zomhlaba. Baye savela umkhombe, ngokulandelana, ngaphansi kwethonya ukuguguleka izinqubo. amachibi amaningi esifundeni esise-Ural zivalelwe lasendulo emfuleni agcwalise. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, ezifana namachibi zomhlaba njengoba Kamyshnaya, Alakul, Sandy, Etkul nabanye.

echibini esiyingqayizivele

Engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-Eastern eSiberia kuyinto echibini. IBaikal - echibini zomhlaba. Ubude bayo abangaphezu kuka 630 km kanye ugu -. 2100 km. Ububanzi kwesigubhu kuhluka km 25 no-79. Inani endaweni echibini - 31.5 sq. km. Lokhu emanzini yiyona ejulile emhlabeni. Iqukethe inani elikhulu kunawo wonke amanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni (23 eziyinkulungwane. ^M3). Kuyinto 1/10 ukunikezela emhlabeni. yokuthuthukisa Okugcwele yamanzi kwesigubhu isifika eminyakeni 332. yobudala bayo abayizigidi ezingu 15-20 amalitha. IBaikal ingenye amachibi endala.

sezwe

IBaikal itholakala slide ezijulile. Lizungezwe izintaba zimbozwe ehlathini. Waterfront Village kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi, impumuzo dissected ngokujulile. Budebuduze echibini kukhona ukunwetshwa okuphawulekayo ibhande entabeni. Lamagquma kukhona parallel nomunye lapha isiqondiso esivela enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga. Bahlukene kuvumela kotlovinoobraznymi. Njengoba bedlula phansi ezigodini emfuleni kwezinye izindawo kwakhiwa encane echibini zomhlaba. Displacement of ungqimba lomhlaba olwenziwa endaweni namuhla. Lokhu kuboniswa a ukuzamazama komhlaba kuqhathaniswa njalo emhlabeni esigodini, outcrops of iziphethu ezishisayo, kanye ukwehlisa izindawo ezinkulu ogwini. Amanzi chibi oluluhlaza. It unikeza ukucaciseleka ezehlukile nobumsulwa. Kwezinye izindawo, ungakwazi wayewabona emadwaleni ka 10-15 imibhede m, seagrass ukujula. idiski White kwehlisa emanzini, kungabonwa ngisho ka 40 m ukujula.

izici zayo

Lakes ifomu - okuzelwe inhlendla. Amanzi eqhubeka phakathi 55 ° 47 'futhi 51 ° 28' ukuhlwanyelwa. latitude 103 ° 43 'futhi 109 ° 58' empumalanga. longitude. Ububanzi esiphezulu maphakathi - 81 km, ubuncane (delta okuphambene Selenga.) - 27 km. Leli chibi itholakala ngaphezu kogu lolwandle endaweni engamamitha 455 m. Ichibi siphela emifuleni 336 nemifudlana. Isigamu Amanzi enikeziwe nalokho kusuka k. Selenga. Ngulona logeleta aphume echibini, omunye emfuleni - the Angara. Kufanele, Nokho, bathi iningi lososayensi kuze kube manje sekube nezingxoxo mayelana nenani eliqondile ithela kulo notshwala kwesigubhu. ososayensi abaningi bayavuma ukuthi angaphansi kuka 336.

amanzi

Into okusamanzi okungaphathwa igcwalisa echibini, kubhekwe ahluke ngokwemvelo. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amanzi kucacile ngendlela emangalisayo futhi emsulwa, ocebile umoya-mpilo. Esikhathini esidlule, wayeze kubhekwa ekwelapheni. amanzi iBaikal iphathwa izifo ngezifo. Entwasahlobo ka obala ngaphezulu. Ngokuya ke Tindlelanchubo ekahle - Sea Sargasso. Kulinganiselwa amanzi obala 65 m. Esikhathini inkathi algal echibini inkomba incipha. Noma kunjalo, ngisho ngalesi sikhathi ukunqanda isikebhe kungabonwa ezansi ukujula ehloniphekile ngokwanele. obala High ngenxa umsebenzi eziphilayo. Siyabonga kubo, echibini asivumelani kancane amalutshwana. Amanzi yilo e isakhiwo distilled. Ukubaluleka echibini. IBaikal nzima overestimate. Kule ndaba, isimo inikeza ekhethekile Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo endaweni.