Semites - ngubani ezinjalo? Umsuka wegama Semites

Igama elithi "Semites" - igama nawo ezivela eBhayibhelini. Incwadi kaGenesise isitshela we uhlu lozalo uNowa namadodana akhe. Omunye wabo kwakungu-Sim. Waphenduka ubaba ka-Elamu, u-Ashuri no-Ebere, okuvela kulo, ngokulandelana, livelile Aramu, yamaHeberu Asiriya.

Homeland Semites

Igama elithi "Semites" yavela ngekhulu XVIII, lapho ososayensi European ogama lakhe behlonipha Sima uhlanga, ezazihlanganisa izizwe eMpumalanga Ephakathi yasendulo zanamuhla. Iqiniso lokuthi zihlobene nomunye, kuqinisekiswa ukufana izilimi zabo. Lapha, leli gama landiswa futhi ilungiswe. Imivubukulo futhi boom eMpumalanga Ephakathi baye babonisa ukuthi ngaphambili kwakunabanye abantu abangamaHimba leli qembu.

Semites sidilizwa owakhiwe insimu ka Arabia, Syria, Palestine nabaseMesophothamiya. Phakathi kuphangwa kanye nezinkampani lempi bashiya ezweni lenkaba yawo. Ezinye Semites baze bakwazi ngisho athole ukusizakala eNyakatho Afrika. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kokufika kobuKristu, bona bafudukela anamuhla Ethiopia. Bamakoloni wadonsela iminotfo yemvelo kulesi sifunda. Ngakho oLwandle Olubomvu abangu ngidayisa nemizana, labantu okuyinto kamuva wadala State of Aksum.

Bamakoloni nezifiki

Ngaphandle izizwe sekushiwo, Semites - kubuye abaseFenike, possessed inkazimulo bamakoloni esivelele kunazo nabahloli bamazwe isikhathi sakhe. Inethiwekhi yokudayisa okuthunyelwe nemizana embozwe lonke iMedithera. amakoloni waseFenike uvele Spain, i-Afrika kanye Sicily. Nakuba kamuva kulo abantu abasinda ukwehla futhi zinyamalale, izakhi yokuphila walondoloza ezingxenyeni eziningi iMedithera.

Umlando Semites eyabonisa isibonelo Maltese - abakhileyo zabomdabu kokuthuthela esiqhingini esincane Malta. Kubonakala sengathi bayinzalo abaseFenike. Sekuyisikhathi eside i-Maltese wahlala ngaphansi kokubusa bezinye izizwe. Lesi siqhingi ephethwe yanqotshwa amaRoma, baseByzantium ngisho Normans. Malta ke laba impahla yabantwana iSonto Order of Malta, kwathi ngekhulu XIX kwaba ikoloni Enkulu YaseBrithani. isimo Independent esiqeshini esincane sezwe phakathi uLwandle iMedithera uvele kuphela ngo-1964. Nokho, naphezu ukuphila isikhathi eside ngaphansi kokubusa angaphandle, Maltese wakwazi ukugcina isiko layo elicacile nolimi.

Esinye isici esibangela ukusakazeka wezilimi zamaSemite namasiko alapha ayengafani kufuduka abangamaJuda. AmaJuda aqala ukuba axazulule emazweni angaphandle ngisho ngaphambi kokubhujiswa kweJerusalema ngamaRoma, nangemva umcimbi uthethe Izindawo jikelele.

Umphakathi abayimizulane

Ukuziphatha nasesimweni sengqondo Semites kwakhiwa ngokuvumelana izimo zemvelo lapho behlala futhi siphile. Kusukela kusafufusa impucuko, abelusi babe abayimizulane. Njengoba izimo ehlane eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule hhayi zishintshile, abanye namaqembu angawodwa namuhla niyaqhubeka nilondoloze ngale ndlela zakudala zokuphila. Semites - abayimizulane, abakwazi ukuzivumelanisa khona yeNhlonhlo Arabhiya ngenxa ukufuywa kwamakamela amakamela. Ngesikhathi emaphethelweni ehlane laba bantu Welusa izimvu, nezimbongolo.

Iyunithi zomkhaya eziyisisekelo kwaba emphakathini yabo. Ifa badabula umugqa wesilisa, amandla ophakeme zikayise yakhe. Imindeni zimunye izinhlangano collective - izizwe. Lezi zingahlanganisa amakhulu abantu. Njalo Semite wasendulo, ilungu lalesi sizwe, kuye kwahlotshaniswa namasoka abo igazi izithakazelo ezivamile. umuzwa wobunye ukuthi kakhulu phakathi kwabakhileyo yasendulo esogwadule. Esimeni wokuba kuhlaselwe iyiphi wesizwe, ozakwabo zakhe siphindiselelwe ngempela izaphula-mthetho. Kwakubonakala phakathi Semites ngokuvamile, "a izinyo ngezinyo" futhi "Iso ngeso." Isimiso wegazi yokuziphindiselela isibe yingxenye amakhodi kakhulu kwezomthetho bezizwe Middle East.

Amori

Amori - omunye izizwe zasendulo impela zamaSemite, ezavela BC III yeminyaka. e. Lezi izizwe awakaze kakhulu ngobunye. Kunalokho, phakathi kwawo njalo kwadingeka zombango nemibango, okuyinto ekugcineni awuzange ungivumele ukuba zizivikele omakhelwane nolaka.

Idolobha eliyinhloko lama-Amori kubhekwa Ugarit. Amanxiwa akhona zatholwa abavubukuli French ngo-1929. Namuhla, kuyinto Syria indawo. Lapha Leli dolobha lake lachuma Izinkomo zizalela kanye nezolimo. Amori okusanhlamvu ukhulile, amafutha omnqumo kukhiqizwa futhi iwayini. ukhuni wabo ayazise yaseGibithe naseMesopotamiya. Ugarit waba omunye echwebeni zokuqala zakwamanye amazwe. WAKHE OMFUSHANE Wakhonza njengombonisi iphuzu empambana kuyo imizila yohwebo kusukela Anatolia, i-Aegean Sea, iBhabhiloni, eMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Egypt. edolobheni umAmori yawela labhidlika ku BC XVI leminyaka. e. ngenxa ye Ukuhlasela elimazayo amaHeti Kassites.

Aramu

Abanye abantu bomdabu Syria babe, wakhupha amaSiriya. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala kubo basonta BC III yeminyaka. e. UmAramu zaphumelela ukufaka ngesinyelela eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini Ewufrathe phakathi bese usigcwalise bacishe bayifunda yonke eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ekuqaleni nkathi yethu, ngolimi lwabo baba lwesigodi main akhulunywa Palestine, Arabia nabaseMesophothamiya.

NesiAramu laliyisikhungo elikhulu eDamaseku. Emhlabeni edolobheni bakha umbuso ezazikhona X-VIII eminyaka. BC. e. Damascus isimo wanqotshwa abase-Asiriya. imibuso ahlukahlukene eMpumalanga Ephakathi yayisempini nomunye naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi konke kubo uhlalwe Semites. Kwaba umzabalazo zifuna indawo evundile nezinye izinto ezibalulekile zasendulo.

amaJuda

Uma Arabia bekulokhu ezweni ehlane njalo, eMesophothamiya, iFenike futhi Lower Egypt, ezizungezile enhlonhlweni okuncane endulo baba yisilulu sokusanhlamvu main wezolimo lesintu. Kukulo muzi lapho e Oluvundile ixazululwe Semites ekuseni. Izithombe zalezi zindawo zibonisa emanxiweni ezikhumbuzo kwesokunxele yamandulo.

Omunye yalezi zizwe babengamaJuda. Bavele BC II yeminyaka. e. Palestine okuholela izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ethnological. Semites-pastoralists abahlala entshonalanga Oluvundile, exovwe abalimi ezivundile wezolimo phakathi Amori. Yavela kanjalo-ke impuncuko entsha.

Umsuka yamaJuda eduze zithandelana legends waseBhayibhelini ezibekwe eTestamenteni Elidala. Isici esikhethekile lolu abantu isibe ukholo lwakhe - inkolo endala Abrahama kuyinto yobuJuda. Ezinye izici zalo kukhona Ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka ukuthonywa kumiswa ubuKristu nobuSulumane.

AmaJuda abusa Palestine kuze uzuza amaJuda eRoma mina ekhulwini BC. e. Kwabe sekulandela inkathi edingiselwe. AmaJuda bazinza kulo lonke eloMbuso WaseRoma, nangemva, futhi zaqhamuka ziphuma kule bhasi ithi wakhe ngowezizwe. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, bona wathuthukisa ukushushiswa kanye nokubandlululwa kokubili amaKristu futhi amaSulumane. Kuphela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, iningi lamaJuda ephethwe lokuphinda siqu esimweni sazo kazwelonke ePalestina - Israyeli.

Asiriya

Asiriya abantu imiswe phakathi II yeminyaka BC. e. osenyakatho yeMesophothamiya. Ngesisekelo imiphakathi ezizwe amasha babé Amori, harritov subareev. Isici esiphawulekayo abantu kwaba Akkad, wokufunda okuyinto beat ezizukulwane eziningana abavubukuli ezikhathini zanamuhla. State yeAsiriya kubhekwa umbuso kuqala emlandweni wesintu. Inhliziyo insimu yalo kwaba isilinganiso for the iTigrisi ne-Greater futhi Lesser Zab esigodini. Lapha kwakukhona lamadolobha abaluleke kakhulu endulo: Ashur neNineve.

Lapho lisachuma-Asiriya elawulwa lonke elaseMesophothamiya, engumakhelwane Palestine, Turkey yesimanje, Syria, Egypt, ngisho Cyprus. Njengoba kufanele umbuso ku bomkhathi isimo omkhulu wahlala kwezizwe eziningi wazinqoba. Yingakho isiko lase-Asiriya yaphenduka ingxubevange yakhiwa amasiko izizwe ezingomakhelwane. SoMbuso safika amandla ayo isiqongo VIII ekhulwini BC. e. Ngo-609 BC. e. Lo mbuso yase-Asiriya labhujiswa abaseBhabhiloni.

amaKaledi

Imilando Asiriya, eziphathelene 878 BC. E., Izazi-mlando ezingamaGreki atholakele kukhulunywa okokuqala lomunye abantu zamaSemite - wamaKhaledi. Babehlala ogwini ePersian Gulf. izindawo zazo zazingamashumi emachibini emaxhaphozini of sifinyelela aphansi e-Ewufrathe neTigrisi. abantu wamaKhaledi ezahlukene inombolo encane - eyaziwa eziyisithupha kuphela waya esizweni sakubo. Babekhuluma on the ikuyo yonke indawo -Aramu.

I VII-VI cc. BC. e. lwamakhosi wamaKhaledi yaseBhabhiloni imithetho (ukuthi wasungula Empire yeBhabhiloni Elisha). Lezi Semites babe namaqaba. Yisho kubo eBhayibhelini. Kusukela lapho-ke isakazekela incazelo yegama elithi "wamaKhaledi" yesibili - ngakho baqala ukulibiza ngokuthi i izanusi, nabathakathi, abapristi abenza imilingo, ababhula ngezinkanyezi nababhuli. Iminonjana laba bantu zingatholakala ezindaweni ezingalindelekile neze. Enye inguqulo emfundisweni uthi abahlakaniphileyo ayeyile umnsalo nje kuzalwa uJesu, babe lamaKaledi. Amanye amaKristu wesimanje eMpumalanga Ephakathi siqhubeke aphathe ngokwabo ukuze izizwe zamaSemite.

Arabhu

Emhlabeni BC X leminyaka. e. ezingwadule eArabhiya eMesophothamiya, a izwibela sizwe esisha zamaSemite. Kwakumelwe Arabhu. Semites yaleli qembu wadala noShebha, eyasungulwa ensimini ka Yemen yesimanje.

Esikhathini enyakatho yezwe Arabhu eyakhelwe Palmyra, alamu, Lahm futhi Ghassan. Ayecebile ukuhweba edolobheni, amanxiwa lapho ziye zaba uphawu abadumile endala. Phakathi Arabhu wasenyakatho nowaseningizimu futhi babe Sands esogwadule Arabian. Abavakashi asekelwe zokuxhumana nge umthengisi izindlela ngokusebenzisa Hijaz.

Ukufika kombuso Islam

Ekhulwini V impucuko Arab sihlangabezane ukwehla sina. Kwakubonakala sengathi laba bantu phakade zinyamalale ngaphansi ukucindezela umakhelwane walo nolaka - asePheresiya waseByzantium. Nokho, ekuqaleni VII ekhulwini ese-Arabhiya kwaqala ukuthandwa inkolo omusha wama-Islam. umshumayeli kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe umthengisi kusuka Mecca okuthiwa Mohammed. He qamba Islamic sompristi, okuyinto nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo kulawulwa wonke leMpumalanga Ephakathi, eNyakatho Afrika ne-Spain. Ngokusho ezingeni ukunwetshwa kwaba impumelelo ezimbi kakhulu sezombangazwe Semites.

AmaJuda, naphezu lwemisuka yobuhlanga nama-Arabhu, yizitha zabo. Le mpi ephakathi kwezizwe ezimbili kwaba futhi inkolo ehlukile. Namuhla, le ngxabano phakathi kwamaJuda Arabhu ingenye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi.

wezilimi

izici neziLimi kolimi - Esinye isici esiyingqayizivele ukuthi ehlukanisa Semites. Abantu leli qembu, ngisho nangemva eminyaka amaningi kangaka, futhi namuhla eziningi ezifanayo morphology, miyalelo, phonology nolwazimagama. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ama-Arabhu Ephakathi zanqoba iSpain, amaJuda endawo isikhathi eside angazanga ezweni lawo zomlando, bathola ukuthi ngolimi lwabo kufana ngokuphawulekayo ulimi alien.

phonology zamaSemite libhekene inqwaba ongwaqa - emphinjeni, guttural, anamandla futhi uvular. Ngo izilimi zaseYurophu, akukho ezifanayo noma ngisho eduze efanayo. okwakhe Special kuhluke eningizimu wezilimi - Arabhu futhi Ethiopic. Bamukela indlela eyingqayizivele ukwakha bunyenti. Umsuka wegama Semites nokuhlukanisa kwabo okwengeziwe ku abantu eziningana kwaholela ukuvela ukuhlukahluka phambi ulimi Proto isiJuda jikelele.