Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka: ekuthuthukisweni kwezenhlalo nezomnotho

Umlando ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka kakhulu ukushintsha isiqondiso salo: juqu ekubeni kwezimboni, rationalism nobuzwe. Ngisho lo mqondo 'impucuko' ngokuphelele eshintsha incazelo yalo. Kwakukhona imisebenzi Marx owaziwa, elingafunwa lonke ukuthuthukiswa umphakathi wesintu atehlukaniseki ukuze ukuxhashazwa indoda ngendoda.

Ulyanov-Lenin, esikhathini esifanayo, washo ukuthi lokhu impucuko kungenzeka kuphela ngesikhathi lapho nokuxhaphaza uyobhujiswa ngokuphelele. Ngamafuphi, kwakuyisikhathi esinzima. Waphawuleka ngani Russia yethu ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka? Umlando wezwe ngalesi sikhathi esiyinhlekelele, eziyinkimbinkimbi, egcwele ukuphikisana ebulalayo.

Ngengozi elisha

Ekuqaleni kwawo-namakhulu eminyaka, yonke khona isintu ifikile ngaphansi nombuzo obalulekile, ngoba izimfanelo izimpi esibi kunazo zonke emlandweni. Ngezindlela eziningi kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi capitalism wafika esiteji ngemikhumbi. abakhiqizi elikhulu kancane kancane kanye nababusi bomdabu, kwakunengozi Ukuhlanganiswa ikuyo yonke indawo-dolobha. Izithakazelo abahwebi baqala ukulalela nje kuphela emnothweni, kodwa futhi imigomo uthi abaningi.

Ngeshwa, i-Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka, kuye iyathinteka inqubo efanayo. Kubaluleke ngokukhethekile ukuba uqaphele ukuthi ayitholwa dolobha sesakhiwe ezweni lethu ngenxa lezi zinto ezilandelayo: okokuqala, kwathatha capitalism eRussia lapho selishonile; okwesibili, indima eyadlalwa nentuthuko engalingani umhlaba; Okwesithathu, ke unawo nabulungisa egcwele abasebenzi futhi abalimi ungqimba lalikhulela ngokuhlukana phakathi kwezakhi yezenhlalakahle yezwe.

Kwenzekani ekuphileni komphakathi kwesikhathi?

Esikhathini kwezenhlalo futhi isakhiwo sepolitiki ka izinguquko kancane kodwa ngendlela ephawulekayo ezaqubuka eRussia. isakhiwo Social sabantu kwaba heterogeneous kakhulu. Kwamadoda asebukhosini, nakuba zinezikhwepha abambalwa, namanje baqhubeka ukuphakamisa abantu bonke izikhundla zokuphatha. Kodwa esikhathini sisuke echaza izicukuthwane ngokuzithandela ngaphezulu waqhubeka ukuxhumana onxiwankulu.

Lokhu kwahluka Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka. Kafushane ngalesi sihloko, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi, "onqenqemeni" ukunyakaza mbuso ka abantukazana wayeya, kodwa akuyona. Kungani?

Okungenani u-80% sabantu abangu abalimi. Ngaphansi kwethonya izitayela kosozimali isakhiwo yabo baba heterogeneous ngaphezulu: emhlabeni 20% wenani ekhiqizwa ekuqongeleleni imali nezwe, ekubeni, empeleni i Analogue of abanikazi bamazwe elincane; kodwa iningi labantu abaphila indlela yokuphila efanele kuya 15-16 leminyaka.

Kusukela phakathi kwabo kwaphuma lenqwaba izisebenzi njalo okugqugquzelwa impilo emadolobheni amakhulu. Kodwa bonke abalimi, kungakhathaliseki "kwezinhlobo" yabo, united umbuzo nezokulima. Empeleni, ezaziboshelwa ezweni lakubo, lapho bephenduka incithakalo ukulahlekelwa ngisho nabantu abacebe wabo. Ngakho ukuthi abalimi kwakungamadodana nesithakazelo okungenani e izinxushunxushu ezinkulu kwezenhlalo: base hlangothi kwezombangazwe, awayona nesithakazelo ngokukhethekile iziqubulo elikhulu. Konke ukuguqulwa ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho amalevi unomphela kanye loans uhulumeni Inengi lamagadango kubo sisonqenqemeni sokusinda.

Kepha nxa bephikisana nonxiwankulu abavimba, lakhula ngokuya ambalwa, kodwa indima bezombangazwe baleli stratum kwezenhlalo kwaba azinakwa. indima yayo elilula: elikhulu, onxiwankulu elichumayo zabonisa ubuqotho namandla autocratic, kuyilapho amancane naphakathi wabiza ushintsho oluncane ku ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe ka izwe.

isigaba sabasebenzi

Okubi kakhulu kunakho konke okudingekayo ukuze isigaba sabasebenzi. Ngu-1913, abasebenzi yakhiwa ngu-20% yesizwe sonkana, kanye nezimo zabo zokuphila kanye nomsebenzi ngezinye izikhathi ngempela "bestial" akunabuntu. Empeleni, kuze kube ngo-1906 akekho ngisho nesithakazelo ukuze ngandlela-thile ukuvikela amalungelo abo. Ngakho Russia 19-20 eminyaka, zisekude Russia kwekhulu le-18. Izimiso ezifanayo kwezolimo, ukuntuleka imishini kanye nokudelela ukuphila komuntu ...

Okubalulekile! Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi manje mlando eziningi zaseNtshonalanga pro-Western bagcizelele, nakuba abasebenzi eNtshonalanga Yurophu ne-United States waba wokuphila okungcono kakhulu nezimo zokusebenza, akunjalo: ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwezindaba sabasebenzi Western kwenzeka nje ngemva 1917, lapho uhulumeni, nangayiphi indlela yilabo amathuba yangempela phansi angakhuluma umphakathi, wamenza bona basisize eziningi.

izikhulu

Endaweni ehlukile, kumelwe kushiwo ukuthi ngaleyo nkathi wahlala futhi ithuthukiswe bureaucratic stratum kwezenhlalo. Empeleni, kuba laba bantu lalibuswa Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka. Ngenxa zezikhulu uhulumeni waseRussia kwakhiwa esinakho, lapho oda ngisho encane izidingo wezwe zafakwa kuphela izinkampani "yabo", avamise overestimated izindleko umsebenzi inqwaba izikhathi.

Ikakhulukazi ngokucacile kuyofikwa ayitholwa bureaucratic ngoba amabhange: banika ukubolekisa evumayo izinkampani yayo efanayo, okuyinto ingathiyeki kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha nokukhiqiza kuphela. Ngakho, lesi sendlalelo Ihlobene ngokuseduze ezinkulu onxiwankulu umninindlu futhi kwamadoda asebukhosini, izithakazelo avikelekile yonke indawo. Lokhu kwahluka Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka. nentuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho emazweni baseNtshonalanga Yurophu waya ngokushesha okungaka, ngoba kula mazwe amabhange bazimisele kakhudlwana ukuzamukela ukunikeza imali ezinkampanini ezizimele kanye nezimboni encane, owayenganikela ukudala futhi ukuhlola izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza kakhulu.

abefundisi

Kwakungesinye ekilasini nelungelo. Okwazekayo, obekumele ukulandela ukuziphatha umphakathi, kodwa eqinisweni kwathi ukuze abefundisi eyingoduso ninodwa ukusekela autocracy. Ngokuvamile, i-Russia ekuqa- 19-20 amakhulu eminyaka izwe, it is ukujabulisa lapho indoda iyikhanda nakwezenkolo. ISonto uyaqhubeka ezingqondweni abalimi abangafundile umthelela omkhulu.

Ukuvela nezihlakaniphi

Lesi sendlalelo ekhetheke njengoba kwakhiwa nezinye imiphakathi, futhi ngaleso kwadingeka iyiphi esibophezelayo ukuba ingxenye kwezomnotho kuye ngezigodi. Ngokuvamile, nezazi iyisici yasekhaya zenhlalo okuyinto ikakhulukazi ngokucacile wabonakaliswa esikhathini u-Alexander II kuphela.

Ngokuphindaphindiwe, abacwaningi abaningi lapho bebhala izincwadi zabo banombono wokuthi Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka, wafika 'ulasha inguquko "kuphela ngenxa lesi sifundo, kodwa eqinisweni lokhu kwakungeyona. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa nezihlakaniphi ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ngokungenamkhawulo kude imibono izinguquko. Kunalokho, abamele lesi sendlalelo babesekela umbono wokuba emphakathini obuswa ngentando yeningi, futhi wakhuthaza ushintsho kancane kancane futsi tingucuko ungqimba setepolitiki ngaphandle ngokuzumayo, inhlokomo wezimpi ezalandela.

Enye into ukuthi i-ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ongqondongqondo abaningi, uzizwa singenamandla yabo uwaphimisele ushintsho lwangempela, laba bafikile ukubashaya alibheki ubudlova ngokuthi "kudingeka okubi", ngaphandle okuyinto ke ngeke ukwazi ukukwenza.

Iqhaza capital angaphandle

Njengoba manje, Russia bekulokhu target ezikhangayo ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle, njengoba omkhulu izinqolobane impahla eluhlaza kanye nomshikashika cishe khulula uvunyelwe ukuthola inzuzo okukhulu ngaphandle izindleko kakhulu. Ezimweni ezinjalo, inhlokodolobha angaphandle ngenkuthalo spliced basekhaya, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo kwandzisa lwati obengeziwe nezikhulu zakuleliya babhekane nezinga elikhulu emphakathini.

Ngakho, lokho kwaba Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka? Kafushane, kwaba ezweni nge babhekane nezinga elikhulu Amazing ezenhlalo nezomnotho emphakathini, ukungabi nasithakazelo kumibuthano Isinqumo ushintsho lwangempela nenguquko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izwe kakhulu yafuna sesimanje ngokushesha kanye nekwakhiwa kwetimboni. Ukuchitha sonke lesi ayewabhale zezinzalamizi, umphakathi ngoludala, nokushoda njalo futhi ezingalapheki imali endaweni yengcebo.

Inkinga ngokuya eziphikisanayo

Ngemva inhlekelele 1900-1903, leli zwe lalikhungethwe "ku ubhontshisi," kwakungekho imali ngaso sonke. Ngemva kwempi nezikweletu Japan angaphandle rose ruble eziyizinkulungwane ezine igolide. Fingqa ngalezo zinsuku nje Amazing. Uhulumeni wazama zokwehlisa imali eshodayo kwesabelomali isimo ngokwandisa umthwalo wentela, ukwehlisa izindleko izinhlelo zezomnotho, ezempi kanye namasiko. Investments isikhashana avunyelwe ukugcina umnotho ntanta, ukuthi nje ngobusuku bangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, izinkokhelo yonyaka ruble ayizigidi ezingu-450.

Empeleni, i-kuphela kuphungulwa kwetikweleti futhi uhulumeni Nicholas wangena empini ohlangothini we Entente. Isinyathelo ukuphathwa Ukhulelwe futhi kwaholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele. Yilokho besihambisana nesiminyaminya Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka: ekuthuthukisweni kwezenhlalo nezomnotho wabe ngejubane Umnenke sika, firmed ku nezimfundiso leminyaka elidlule, iziphathimandla isinyathelo kakhulu kancane futhi kancane.

"Sokudla udaba"

Kanjani ukunikeza imikhiqizo Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka? Ezolimo ithuthukiswe ngendlela ebanzi kakhulu, abalimi akazange ngisho inqubo bakudala, lonke izwe ngeke ushaye kanye pair of tractor. Nothile Kuveza wawuphansi, kodwa emakethe emhlabeni, Russia abakuthandi: yena udayisa omningi okusanhlamvu ngesikhathi ukuhlabana amanani, kokuhileleka kunoma yiluphi okulahlwa yangempela. Lokhu okusanhlamvu kubantu enganakiwe esifundazweni amacala indlala babe okuthile ajwayelekile.

Ngakho Russia wahlala ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka: emnothweni yayisekelwe ukuxhashazwa engalawulwa lwabasebenzi ezishibhile, nezimboni kwaqhunyiswa zisekelwe kuphela uxhaso angaphandle ukuthi "ugxile" by izikhulu efanayo, okuholela ukuthuthukiswa langempela cishe awekho.

Inqubomgomo sangaphakathi isimo

Lonke Politika Nikolaya yayakhiwe izimiso kwamandla okukhulu. Lonke uhlelo lukahulumeni lwenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iRussia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka (Umlando uye wabonisani ubuze besimo ngale ndlela) yaqhubeka iba yingxenye yezwe autocratic. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuqhubeka sijulise umhosha social phakathi laphakathi ezahlukene umphakathi waseRussia.

abaninimhlaba Owabe ukuqhubeka nokwamukela indzawo lenhle kakhulu, kuyilapho abalimi baqoqene e abampofu, Holdings onganakiwe. Izikhulu zigcinwe usebe lwawo futhi intengo ukukhiqiza is cishe aphanga wezwe lakhe, futhi kwaba umkhakha yangempela.

Qala refocusing abakhiqizi ezifuywayo

Lokho onjalo kwakuyiNkosi Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka. izici Jikelele kungakuqinisa umbono ukuthi isimo Ayisebenzanga kugcinwe izinga lokukhiqiza yabo. Ngeshwa, ezimweni eziningi lesi ngempela kwakunjalo, kodwa isikhathi isimo saqala ukushintsha. Ihamba kancane kakhulu, kodwa intuthuko kwaba.

Ngakho, i-tariff lesichubekako (1891), ngo 1900-1903, isimo wazama ukusekela imboni yasekhaya kanye nezindlela amabhange azisebenzisayo (ungakwazi ukuqagela lapho imali wahamba) laqanjwa. Uhulumeni ngisho wazama ukuqhubeka nokulawula ukunyakaza nascent of abalimi kanye abasebenzi, ukuhlela umshado wabo ngokomthetho.

yezinguquko kwezombangazwe

Ngo-1905, ekugcineni yoMthethosisekelo-Democratic Party lamiswa ngo-ukudalwa okuyinto waphikelela zonke progressives wangaleyo nkathi. IQembu "push" umqondo yokudala ephalamende emakamelweni amabili, kanye nokubuyiselwa izimiso ezabekwa kabusha sokwahlulelwa 1864 ngonyaka.

Abasephalamende wafuna ukuqedwa ephelele wokuhlengwa yokukhokha kubalimi (esifuze kweqiniso lobugqila kwekhulu lama-20!), Okuxoxiswana ukusatshalaliswa umhlaba abadinga ke, ezihlongozwayo kuvinjelwe isikhathi esengeziwe, abasebenzi nonnormable yezisebenzi, kanye ngiphikelela ukwethulwa umthwalo yangempela lobugebengu kulabo nosomabhizinisi okwephula izimiso zoMthetho zabasebenzi.

Lokho onjalo kwakuyiNkosi Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka (isifinyezo). Ibanga 9 secondary school ukutadisha nezindaba efanayo, kodwa isimiso semfundo ikunika ukuhlaziywa akuphelele yezimbangela ezaholela kwanda omkhulu kwezenhlalo yesikhathi.