Quantum izihibe theory, umphumela isimiso

Okukhanyayo bakhanya segolide ekwindla amahlamvu ezihlahla. Kanti futhi le misebe ilanga lishona wathinta iziqongo thinning. Khanyisa usuku lwakhe ngokusebenzisa amagatsha futhi wenza umbukwane izibalo yinqaba kubaneka odongeni eyunivesithi "kaptorki".

Mnumzane Hamilton amehlo obujulayo Ngafaka kancane, ubukele play obangelwa ukukhanya nethunzi. Ehola sezibalo Irish kwaba encibilika imicabango, imibono kanye iziphetho. Wayazi ukuthi incazelo imihlola eziningi ngosizo Mechanics Newton, zinjengethunzi ukudlala odongeni, ngobuqili intertwining bobunjwa kokushiya eminingi engaphenduliwe. "Mhlawumbe kungenxa igagasi ... noma mhlawumbe ukusakaza izinhlayiya - ukucabanga usosayensi - noma ukukhanya siwukubonakaliswa kokubili imihlola. Njengomhlaba izibalo, lengubo isithunzi nokukhanya. "

Ukuqala quantum physics

Kuyathakazelisa ukubona abantu omkhulu bese uzama ukuqonda indlela imibono bazalwa omkhulu, ukuma Yiqiniso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo sonke isintu. Hamilton - omunye kwababemi lapho kuzalwa quantum physics. Iminyaka lengemashumi lasihlanu yangembili kamuva, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, isifundo izinhlayiya aphansi ufundwa ososayensi abaningi. Ulwazi okuholela bekulokhu lingahambisani futhi okungezona ihlanganiswe. Nokho, lezi zinyathelo zokuqala esintengayo zenziwe.

Ukuqonda microphysics e ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili

Ngo-1901 yena nganikezwa imodeli lokuqala le-athomu, futhi ibonisa yokungafaneleki yayo, kusukela iphuzu electrodynamics abavamile. Esikhathini esifanayo, Maks Plank futhi Niels Bohr eshicilelwe imisebenzi eminingi mayelana nemvelo ye-athomu. Naphezu ngomsebenzi wabo onzima, siziqonde ngokuphelele isakhiwo yama-athomu wayengekho.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngo-1905, usosayensi elaziwayo elincane German Albert Einstein enyathelisa umbiko kungenzeka abe khona Quanta ukukhanya e ezimbili uthi - wave futhi corpuscular (kuyizinhlayiyana). Umsebenzi wakhe uye wagomela, bachaza isizathu imodeli ukwehluleka. Nokho, umbono ka-Einstein ye kwaba ukuqonda elilinganiselwe imodeli ubudala ye-athomu.

Ngemva imisebenzi eminingi ye Niels Bohr nozakwabo ngo-1925, wazalelwa ohlangothini olusha - uhlobo quantum Mechanics. Amazwi afanayo atholakala kula - "quantum Mechanics" yavela engamashumi amathathu kamuva.

Esikwaziyo Quanta nezimfanelo ezingavamile zomunye zabo?

Njengamanje, quantum physics usephendukele kungaphelele. Vula izenzakalo eziningi ezahlukene. Kodwa yini esiyaziyo, ngempela? Impendulo iboniswa isazi eyodwa esikhathini sethu. "Ngo-quantum physics, ungabuka akholwe noma abaqondi" - lena incazelo Richard Feynman. Cabanga-ke ngokwakho. Engingakusho nje ukusho lomkhuba singabanjwa quantum izinhlayiya. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa uhlome emhlabeni yesayensi wonke ekuhlinzekweni kwezinhlelo badideke ngokuphelele. Ngisho ezishaqisayo xaxa kwakuwukuthi leli phuzu aluhambisani ne imithetho Newton kanye Einstein.

Ngokokuqala ngqá umphumela singabanjwa quantum ye photon kuxoxwa ngo-1927 ngesikhathi yesihlanu Solvay Congress. kwaphakama impikiswano enkulu phakathi Niels Bohr futhi Einstein. Okufike kudide nge-singabanjwa quantum siye sashintsha ngokuphelele ukuqonda kulomhlaba.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi yonke imigwamanda aqukethe izinhlayiya aphansi. Ngakho, bonke izenzakalo of quantum Mechanics ziyabonakala emhlabeni abavamile. Niels Bohr bathi uma siqhubeka abawubheki kwenyanga, khona-ke ayikho. Einstein kubhekwe kungokungenangqondo futhi ekholelwa ukuthi into ekhona ngokuzimela owayebukele.

Ekuhloleni izinkinga of quantum Mechanics, kuyaqondakala ukuthi izindlela zalo nemithetho basuke esihlobene futhi abangazilaleli physics classical. Ake sizame sokulungisa endaweni eyindida kunazo zonke - quantum izihibe izinhlayiya.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela izihibe quantum

Okokuqala, ake baqonde ukuthi quantum physics kufana ongagcwali, lapho ungathola noma yini oyifunayo. Lo mkhuba singabanjwa quantum ekuqaleni kwekhulu elidlule iye ufundwa Einstein, Bohr, uMaxwell, uBoyle, Bell, Planck, nezinye izazi zesayensi eziningi. Kulo lonke ikhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili izwe ngenkuthalo wafundelwa futhi bazama izinkulungwane ososayensi.

Umhlaba ilawulwe imithetho eqinile physics

Kungani nesithakazelo esinjalo yeThestamente quantum Mechanics? Kulula kabi: siphila belalela imithetho ezithile zomhlaba ngokomzimba. Ikhono "uthole" kusengaphambili kuvula ithuba lokuthola magic, okungafanele konke sezivuma. Ngokwesibonelo, welithi "Cat Schrödinger sika" kuholela ukulawula ndaba. Luphinde teleportation kungenzeka lelwazi izihibe quantum. Yokudlulisa ulwazi kungaba leso, kungakhathaliseki ibanga.
Lo magazini namanje ngaphansi cwaningo, kodwa umkhuba omuhle.

Isifaniso nokuqonda

Kuyini izihibe quantum esiyingqayizivele, njengoba kuyaqondakala futhi kwenzekani ngesikhathi esifanayo? Zama ukuqonda. Lokhu kuzodinga uhlobo umcabango isilingo. Zicabange ezandleni amabhokisi amabili. In ngamunye kubo ingenye ibhola strip. Manje sibuyela kwelinye ibhokisi astronaut, futhi indiza Mars. Njengoba nje uvula ibhokisi nibone ukuthi band ovundlile ibhola ke ibhola omunye bhokisi kuzoba ngokuzenzakalela abe umugqa mpo. Lena izihibe quantum ibonakala emazwini elula: into eyodwa inquma isimo sezinye.

Nokho, kufanele baqonda ukuthi lesi kuphela incazelo ezingabalulekile. Ukuze uthole izihibe quantum, kubalulekile ukuthi izinhlayiya babe umsuka esifanayo, njenganoma amawele. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukuhlola kuyoba yashafiswa uma kuwe umuntu waba nalo yini ithuba ukubona okungenani eyodwa izinto.

Lapho ingasetshenziswa ukudideka quantum?

Isimiso singabanjwa quantum ingasetshenziswa ukuze adlulisele ulwazi olude ngokusheshayo. Lesi siphetho iyaphikisana theory ka-Einstein ye kwezinto. Lithi ijubane esiphezulu ukunyakaza sizalwa nawo kuphela emhlabeni - amakhilomitha yizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu ngomzuzwana. ukudluliselwa okunjalo kolwazi kwenza ukuba khona teleportation ngokomzimba.

Konke emhlabeni - Ulwazi, kufaka hlangana iindaba. Lona kube isiphelo sesimiso quantum physics. Ngo-2008, ngesisekelo semininingwane theory sakwazi ukubona ukudideka quantum ngeso lenyama.

Lokhu waphinda zonke kubonisa ukuthi sisekela on the esengozini okutholakele omkhulu - yisa emkhathini kanye nesikhathi. Isikhathi e umkhathi leyehlukene, ngakho ukuhamba leso kumabanga enkulu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba awele kwabantu ezahlukene isikhathi (ngesisekelo umbono Einstein, Bora). Mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo kule lizogcwaliseka ngendlela efanayo njengoba iselula namuhla.

Etherodynamics izihibe quantum

Ngokusho abanye ososayensi ehola, ukudideka quantum alichaza yokuthi isikhala ligcwele uhlobo ether - ngendwangu emnyama. Noma yimuphi kuyizinhlayiyana aphansi, njengoba sazi, ngesimo amagagasi futhi corpuscles (izinhlayiya). Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi zonke izinhlayiya ku "kwiwebhu" eneji emnyama. Akulula ukuqonda. Ake sizame ukuthola indlela ehlukile - yilabo ezizihlanganisa.

Zicabange on ebhishi. A umoyana futhi umoya amandlag. Uyabona amagagasi? Futhi endaweni ethile ibanga, ngokuvutha imisebe kwelanga, badayisa isikebhe ebonakalayo.
Lo mkhumbi kuyoba kuyizinhlayiyana wethu aphansi, nolwandle - ether (eneji emnyama).
Ulwandle ingahle ezinyakazayo ngesimo amagagasi ebonakalayo namanzi amaconsi. Ngokufanayo, bonke izinhlayiya aphansi kungenzeka nje ulwandle (kuba ebalulekile ingxenye) noma olulodwa kuyizinhlayiyana - iconsi.

Lesi yisibonelo lula, zonke more xaka. Izinhlayiyana ngaphandle kobukhona obuka asesimweni wave futhi ube indawo ethile.

badayisa isikebhe White - into ekhethiwe, futhi uhluke ebusweni kolwandle kanye nesakhiwo amanzi. Ngokufanayo, kunezizathu "iphakama" olwandle wamandla ukuthi kungabonakala njengoba kubonisa amabutho eyaziwa ezathonya ingxenye impahla zomhlaba.

Microcosm uhlala imithetho yayo

Isimiso singabanjwa quantum kungaqondakala sitjheja ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi izinhlayiya aphansi kukhona ngesimo amagagasi. Njengoba ingenayo indawo ethize kanye nezici, izinhlayiya ezimbili olwandle of energy. Ngesikhathi okuvela kuyo i wave ingqapheli "iphendula" entweni Haptic Iyatholakala. I kuyizinhlayiyana yesibili, ogcina uhlelo yakhoibrium, iba izakhiwo okuphambene.

Isihloko ngenhla okuhloswe ngaso yesayensi incazelo ithe juqu zomhlaba quantum. Ikhono ukucabanga ezivamile kusekelwe ukutholakala ukuqonda leyo nto okungenhla.

Elementary kuyizinhlayiyana physics izifundo izihibe kwenani uthi ngesisekelo spin (ukuzungeza) ye-izinhlayiya aphansi.

ulimi Scientific (esenziwe lula) - ukudideka quantum kuchazwa ehlukile emuva. Phakathi okwashiwo izinto ososayensi bathole ukuthi kungaba khona emuva ezimbili kuphela - up and down. Okuxakayo nje kwamanye amalungiselelo we izinhlayiya ingqapheli akusho "pose".

hypothesis okusha - ukubukeka okusha umhlaba

Isifundo microcosm - isikhala izinhlayiya aphansi - okubangelwa ezizathwini eziningi nemibono. Umthelela singabanjwa quantum utshelwa ososayensi ukucabanga mayelana ukuba khona mikroreshotki ezithile quantum. Ngokusho kwabo, e-node ngamunye - iphuzu empambana - kuyinto quantum. Zonke amandla - i Izinsimbi ehlangene, kodwa kwakuwuphawu nangemifanekiso enyakazayo futhi izinhlayiya kungenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa amasayithi ngehele.

"Iwindi" nenkundla ngehele incane, bese isikali akunakwenzeka nge imishini yesimanje. Nokho, ukuze kuqinisekiswe noma ukuphikisa lo mbono, abacwaningi wanquma ukutadisha motion izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya endaweni ngekwendzawo ngehele quantum. Iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi i-albhamu yezithombe angahamba ngokuqondile noma amazombe - kwi ngehele idayagonali. Esimeni sesibili, kokuba unqobe ibanga elikhulu, uyokusebenzisa amandla. Ngakho, ke zizohluka kwezabantu ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya ezihambayo emgceni locondzile.

Mhlawumbe sizofunda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi siphila esikhathini esingaba ngehele quantum. Noma, lokhu nokucabanga kungenzeka ukuthi ayilungile. Nokho, ingabe isimiso singabanjwa quantum kubonisa ukuba khona okungenzeka eheleni.

Ngamagama alula, ngendlela esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka ngakuthathu "cube" kwencazelo eyodwa ubuso uzalela okuphambene ecacile nenani lomunye. Lesi isimiso ukulondolozwa isakhiwo isikhala - isikhathi.

isiphetho sendaba

Ukuze siqonde sezwe umlingo ongaqondakali quantum physics, akufanele sithathe kubukisisa kwentuthuko yesayensi kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi Umhlaba flat, kunokuba eyindilinga. Isizathu isobala: uma uthatha round ukuma kwakhe, amanzi kanye abantu abakwazi ukumelana.

Njengoba singabona, inkinga yayikhona ukungabi khona umbono ephelele wonke amabutho asebenzayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi isayensi yesimanje ukuze ukuqonda quantum physics ongenawo umbono zamabutho nokwenza. Izikhala umbono uhlelo ukukhiqiza ukuphikisana futhi izinto eziphikisanayo. Mhlawumbe emhlabeni imilingo quantum Mechanics igcina izimpendulo zale mibuzo.