Peter Kuzmich Anokhin, Academician: A Biography, umnikelo isayensi

Eminent usosayensi-physiologist kwekhulu XX , uPetru Kuzmich Anokhin - academician, umsunguli we ezikoleni ezidumile zesayensi, umsunguli we amagatsha entsha isayensi zobuchopho, elaba kwandulela cybernetics - usephendukele, ejwayelekile usosayensi Soviet. Njengoba bevela emkhayeni elula zokusebenza kwekilasi, waba physiologist abaziwa umhlaba wonke, ngokuletha lesembili isayensi Soviet emikhakheni eminingi neurophysiology, kuyilapho ekuvezweni ukushushiswa yezikhathi ukungafuni kwawo ukulandela kwezesayensi evunyiwe Yiqiniso ideologically ukuqinisekiswa.

"Ngazalelwa kule udonga"

Wakhumbula ukuthi uyise nonina babengafundile futhi wasayina iziphambano ezimbili. Kwakuvamile naphakathi kwabakhileyo Ravine - the yesigaba sabasebenzi iningi Tsarina. Lapha, ekhaya yesisebenzi ujantshi kanye okwazalelwa kuyo Academician Anokhin. Esizalela - Januwari 27, 1898. Ubaba - Kuzma Vladimirovich - wayelukhuni futhi indoda taciturn - zazivela Don Cossacks. Kusukela kumama - Agrafena Prokofyevna, ongowokuzalwa e-sifundazwe Penza - efika uhlamvu ephapheme futhi nobudlelwano, futhi isici esiyinhloko umfana waba ilukuluku nesifiso sokunikezwa ulwazi.

Ngaphambi inguquko, yena uthola imfundo esikoleni esiphakeme - iziqu isikole lobuchwepheshe (1914) bese engena wezokwakha umhlaba, esikoleni agronomic e Novocherkassk. Ngokushesha yena umele ukuba ngokwayo nokuzwa ngesayensi yemvelo, ulwazi lomuntu, ikakhulukati engqondweni yakhe. Uqala bazihluphe nezincwadi zesayensi ngale ndaba, khuluma abafundisi isayensi yemvelo, okungase okungenani ukunikeza isiqondiso ukuze iimfuneko zawo obrazovatelskih.

Ilungu kulwiwa

umsuka yesigaba sabasebenzi Anokhina esenzelwe buyingxenye engokwemvelo nenhle ezenzakalweni-mbuso ka-1917, bese kuba kulwiwa ohlangothini amaBolshevik. Phakathi Cossack ukuvukelwa Februwari 1918 Tsaritsyn wasongelwa, futhi le nsizwa yayingumuntu ezivikela - wamiswa umhloli kwetisebenti ukwakhiwa izinqaba lempi. Ngo-1920, wayekhuthele ku ze zamaKhomanisi - baba UKhomishana Cindezela e Novocherkassk futhi umhleli ophethe we esikhulu sephephandaba elisakazwa kabanzi Don District - ". Red Dawn"

Kukhona livela ithalenta sina njengendlela umlobi, ngaso sonke isikhathi waba kamuva Academician Anokhin. Peter Kuzmich wabhala iningi zabahleli kanye eningi izihloko iphephandaba. Ulimi lwabo ephapheme futhi engokomfanekiso yabakhanga Yabantu Commissar semfundo AV Lunacharskogo bophezela umkhankaso kuyiwe phambili. Wayefuna ukuba bahlangane umbhali abasha, futhi kukhona umhlangano, okuyinto kwadingeka ukuba umcimbi usosayensi-break esizayo. Anokhin utshele Yabantu Commissar ngesifiso sakhe ukuze ufunde futhi isithakazelo isakhiwo ubuchopho bomuntu, okuyinto lokhu wayelokhu ezithanda phakathi zonke izenzakalo eziyinhlekelele lizwe.

spondylitis School

Ngokushesha kwafika incwadi lapho ucele ukuthumela Anokhina ukufunda isazi sesayensi esidumile - Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, ephethwe nguMbuso Isikhungo Medical Ulwazi e Petrograd. Ngo-1921, Peter Kuzmich kuziwa ekutadisheni kulesi sikole. Njengoba Kamuva wabhala Anokhin, Bekhterev academician benza into esemqoka kuye - konke uboshelwe global, jikelele inkinga ngokwesayensi - imfihlakalo ubuchopho bomuntu, lapho Yiqiniso kuqala ukhangwa kulolucwaningo.

Nokho, kungakabiphi, lo Anohin umfundi uyakuqonda ukuthi engenzi ukuheha Psychiatry - isiqondiso eyinhloko yomsebenzi yesayensi spondylitis. Uyibheka njengesibonakaliso unspecific kakhulu futhi ubungazishongo, obonakaliswe kuphela ngesimo samazwi. Wayelethwa akhangwa kakhulu le physiology ubuchopho, ithuba lokuyofunda ke ngokumisa ucwaningo luveza imiphumela ukhonkolo. Ngenkathi igunya main kule ndawo kwaba Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Kwakungenxa lab lakhe walihlanganisa 1922 Anokhin. Academician Pavlov ukuheha usosayensi abasha ukuba asebenzise okusithiyayo yangaphakathi - iphuzu encane imfundiso yokuziphendukela ikhaliphe moya.

othembekile Pavlov

Ubesabe conventionalism kwezesayensi, ukuba sigweme umbono eyodwa emaceleni, gwema ukunamathela wayengakuboni iziphetho ezifanayo, noma ngabe ingxenye theory ezibonakala obunobunye - ngakho wafundisa abasebenzi bakhe physiologist okukhulu. Ngakho lapho ngo-1924 lanyathelisa isihloko esithi "Ohambweni izinto ezibonakalayo Dialectical futhi izinkinga ezingokwengqondo", lapho amanye amalungu laboratories Pavlovian wabona ngomzamo ku amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ikhaliphe moya, futhi umlobi okwakunzima Anokhin, academician ngokwakhe bavikela usosayensi abasha.

Ngesiphakamiso Pavlov Anohin wokuqala waba umfundisi uMnyango Physiology of Leningrad Isikhungo amabhuku ezimali Zootechnical bese uprofesa wezifundo Faculty of University of Nizhny Novgorod. Ngesisekelo le ubuhlakani yasungulwa Gorky Medical Institute, lapho eMnyangweni Physiology futhi iqala umsebenzi wayo ezimele yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni Pedagogical Anokhin. Academician, ogama biography Sekuyisikhathi eside exhumene ne Gorky, washiya isigxivizo ngomlando we-Institute futhi izungeze lo muzi.

Ihlangano yokuNgeza kokulinganisa Medicine

Ngesikhathi uMnyango Physiology we Gorky Medical Institute, Anohin yaphenduka omunye the best kuleli zwe ngo-1932 kwathiwa usethe igatsha Zonke-Union Isikhungo kokulinganisa Medicine, ogama umqondisi futhi baba Anokhin.

Ngo-1935 wathunyelwa ukusebenza VNIEM eMoscow njengenhloko uMnyango yezinzwa, lapho imatasa izifundo zokuhlola womsebenzi ephakeme sezinzwa. Usungula ubuhlobo asebenzayo nezikhungo zokwelapha, okuyinto uqhuba ucwaningo ezikanye odokotela, neurologists futhi neurosurgeons. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo baye bafeza indima ebalulekile phakathi Anokhina ngenkinga ukulimala impi ye-peripheral nervous system ngesikhathi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe.

Ukulwela ukukhipha ubumsulwa uchungechunge yesayensi

Izazi-mlando eziningi isayensi kazwelonke bathi ekususeni Anokhina kusukela dolobha ukuze azungeze - ngaleso sikhathi Nizhny Novgorod, yadalwa ngesikhathi isinyathelo Pavlov, ukumsindisa ukuphishekela ongenakugwenywa imibono ezimele kakhulu nezenzo. fighters Ngakho abaningi ngemibono washaqeka Anokhina isiqunto sokujamisa ukukhokha izinkokhelo party ukuba ngokuzithandela bahoxe ekungeneleni party. Waba nomuzwa wokuthi umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle ongamkhalima na ku izifundo zesayensi.

Ukuba qotho kwabo amalungiselelo eliyisisekelo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Pavlovian wamemezela futhi Anohin-umfundi futhi Anokhin academician. Ososayensi baye bame kwelokuthi umonakalo kulenkhulu uye isayensi yasekhaya alethwe labo otolika yefa we physiologist omkhulu, ubani isigaba amaqiniso ezingeguquleke kukhona ongafanele wokuba ngakho wavusa imibono esashiwo Pavlov nje okucatshangwayo kungenzeka noma ekucabangeleni musa kuthinte okuqukethwe kanye yiqiniso kwalesi postulates eziyisisekelo le mfundiso.

Ukunqotshwa kwe zomzimba Soviet

Kamuva, yamkhumbula kakhulu esimisweni abadumile Pavlovian - umhlangano ahlangene Academy of Sciences of eU.SSR Academy of Medical Sciences wase-USSR okwenzeka ehlobo lika-1950. On ke, kulandele zofuzo, ke uye phansi ukuhlanza izitho zomzimba Soviet. ososayensi eziningana ehola, ahlonishwayo emphakathini yesayensi, beshushiswa ngesihluku ngoba "ukuphambuka ezimfundisweni Pavlov" nenhlonipho ezindaweni wobunxiwankulu idealistskimi yesayensi bokuphila. Ulethela wahlupheka abafundi usondelene nalo kakhulu nabathembekile Pavlov - L.Orbeli A. Speransky, I. Beritashvili, L.Shtern. Hard zazibhekwa nezimo zengqondo uzwakalise Academician Anokhin. Peter Kuzmich, ogama biography elalihambisana nabo ukuze usethe 1944 yi-Institute of Physiology at the Academy of Medical Sciences zase-USSR, isuswe kusukela ubuholi, futhi kuze 1953 - kuze kufe Stalin - uprofesa uMnyango Physiology, Medical University Ryazan.

The main umnikelo yesayensi

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinhlelo ukusebenza - umphumela engokwemvelo ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Pavlovian. Lo mbono kunenkolelo eyandile impumelelo esemqoka yesayensi, umnikelo wakhe obaluleke kakhulu kuyisayensi emhlabeni okwengeziwe ngobuchopho bomuntu. Kuyinto ukuchaza izinqubo ezibalulekile emzimbeni womuntu ngenxa khona kulo ekhethekile izinhlangano zangasese kanye nezinhlangano ezisebenza ngosizo kwemizwa kanye humoral (luqhutshwa uketshezi) imithetho.

izinhlelo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi self umqondo, ngoba kukhona intuthuko eqhubekayo. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi izinhlelo ezinjalo kuba isenzo zokuziphatha, okuyiwona kukhona ephambene afferentation ekuhlola - impendulo. Lo mqondo luyisisekelo isayensi yezindlela sokulungiselela, ukudluliswa, isitoreji kanye nenguquko kolwazi - Cybernetics. Uyise lo isayensi - Norbert Wiener - umsebenzi bewazisa kakhulu, umlobi okwakunzima Academician Anokhin. Photo wenza ngesikhathi uhambo ngokuhlanganyela kanye Wiener Anokhin eMoscow, waba uphawu lokuhlala ngobuhlobo obuseduze wesayensi ezimbili.

Biological eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma imizwelo, imibono ka sihlale siphapheme futhi ubuthongo, ekulambeni satiety izindlela okusithiyayo yangaphakathi - lezi zinkinga Anohin imatasa eminyakeni yamuva. Yena kuhlanganiswe ucwaningo yakhe imisebenzi yenhlangano imiphakathi basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle yesayensi, iqhaza amabhodi yokuhlela izincwadi eziningi, njll

PK Anokhin iziqu ukuphila 5 Mashi 1974, ushiya idumela elihle ngenxa yezimfanelo zabo womuntu futhi ifa elikhulu ngokwesayensi.