Ngo Senzeka ngamuphi unyaka i association of Kiev ne Novgorod? Ukuhlanganisa Kiev futhi Novgorod (dlala)

Ukuhlanganisa Kiev futhi Novgorod, kwenzeka ngo 882, kubhekwa ukuba usuku kumiswa isimo Russian. It is ngokufanelekile njengezidalwa ezingaphezu kwabantu umsunguli we Prince Oleg, kufanele ngokuthi i-"isiprofetho", okungukuthi esizayo prescient. Yena waqala ngalendoda kwamazwe Russian. Smart, eziqinile futhi wemibono, yena kufanele afakwe ohlwini 100 ojenene olukhulu emhlabeni.

Umthombo oyinhloko wolwazi

Ngu usuku mlando yangempela emlandweni wombuso Russian fanele ngonyaka 882. Le nyunyana of Kiev ne Novgorod, ezimbili ezinkulu ngesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo ukuhweba zezizwe East Slavic ukuqala impucuko enkulu yoqobo isiko esiyingqayizivele. Umthombo oyinhloko izenzakalo yomlando Russian wasendulo "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" (the PVL). Lona umlando bokuqala. Ibizwa nangokuthi "indaba bakudala" noma "Nestor indaba," kusuka kulo lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi ungumbhali umthombo, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa monk we Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor (mayelana 1056 - 1114), i-hagiography ezinkulu (isazi semfundiso yenkolo esibheka study izimpilo abangcwele) kanye rekhoda .

Indlela Bonke baqala

Kulesi indaba kwesikhathi ezichazwe umlando ezweni Russian kusukela ngezikhathi zeBhayibheli ukuze 1117. Ngokusho IDP, kusho inyunyana senzeka e Kiev futhi Novgorod e 882, eholwa edume Prince Oleg. Ngaso leso sikhathi kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi izazi-mlando zanamuhla inselele konke mayelana ERussia yasendulo. Kodwa kukhona ucishe olwamukelwa ulwazi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Oleg wayehlobene ka Rurik, noma kunalokho umzalwane nomkakhe laziwe - Efanidy. Ngemva kokufa Ryurika Oleg baba umqaphi a ezincane, Igor, futhi ukuvuthwa kwakhe - umbusi Novgorod. Ososayensi abaningi Baphawula iqiniso ukuthi ngalezo zinsuku embuzweni, Novgorod, njengoba enjalo, wayengekho. Yena wayengumbulali esikhulu yezitolo ezinezivikelo eziqinile Ladoga eMfuleni Volkhov, yaziwe empumalanga aseBaltic. Rurik isiphetho lalisenyakatho Novgorod zamanje.

I combiner lokuqala emazweni Russian

Esikhathini inqaba X leminyaka Detinets lakhiwa lapha, ndawonye ezintathu zokuhlala ehlukile. Kodwa PVL Setha 862 njengoba usuku we kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala Novgorod, e 1150 ke kugujwa base-Russian e 2009. Le nguqulo ethandwa kakhulu uthi lowo muzi, ukuthi wacelwa ukuba abuse izakhamuzi Scandinavians efika lapha, imithetho lapha, wazala indodana Rurik sika, owashona ngo-879. Kwafika Obani amandla ngokushesha Voevoda Oleg reinventing onogada kanye nokuqinisa imingcele ekhona. Khona-ke, eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, waqala ngokumenza ukunqoba ukuhlanganisa amazwe Russian. sezombusazwe lihlakaniphile kanye nombono obanzi, uba ngaphansi kokuphatha kukabani ubuholi emazweni elihlanganisiwe of Novgorod futhi Kiev, ngaso sonke isikhathi isinyathelo kuphela amandla - ingamanga ngaphandle kwegazi ukuthi subordinated yena kanye Kiev, futhi kamuva waseConstantinople, icala nabathengisi East Slavic isifumbathiso enyakatho eqolo.

isidingo esiphuthumayo

Lawula izwe elikhulu kakhulu endleleni izimpahla - kwaba isixazululo ezidingekayo futhi kunengqondo. Kwake kwathi ngo-amandla, isikhulu Ngaso leso sikhathi nganquma ukuba banqobe izwe lakhe elele endleleni ukuhweba "kusukela amaViking amaGreki." Ngokusobala, le nyunyana u-Oleg ka Novgorod futhi Kiev wayezelwe isikhathi eside, mhlawumbe la amacebo inakekelwe Rurik. Noma mhlawumbe kwaba okucabangela imiphumela yesikhathi eside kangaka Oleg, ngoba omunye wemithombo eyinhloko kokuthola imali endaweni yengcebo isimo kwaba ukuhweba. A izimpahla emhlabeni emkhondweni izintela ezimba eqolo ekhokhwa. Ukulandela kuya eningizimu, enempi 2 eyinkulungwane, Oleg yanqoba izizwe Slavic ophilayo loMfula Dnieper, Pripyat, Bug, Dniester futhi Sozh. Kwakumelwe drevlyans northerners radzimichy. Ngaphambi Rurik united esebusa lo Finno-Ugric abantu (babephathwa Tschudi, Mary, Ves), Ilmen Slovenes, Krivichy, ie-Eastern enyakatho Slavic ebizwe Slavia yezinye izizwe. Ngakho, inani lokuqala Oleg kwaba ukunweba imingcele bezwe Russian. Kanye nokuqinisa. Yonke indawo endleleni Wakha umuzi nenqaba.

retribution

Ukuhlanganisa Kiev futhi Novgorod kwadalwa Oleg kunenjongo eyodwa - wayefuna ajezise usurpers Dir futhi Askold, wakhashelwa omunye ezinganekwaneni Rurik. Ukuya ukunqoba omkhulu waseConstantinople, zamasosha ezingxenyeni Kiev wenqaba ukuqaphela igunya Rurik. Kwakungafanele bazikhohlwe umndeni kwesikhulu, futhi wanikela ilungelo owafuna Oleg bo rejection igunya. Besondela emzini, owaleli sezombusazwe baqaphe Oleg wayengafuni igeleze egazini lika amasosha abo, baphoqeleka ukuba athathe isikhungo kahle enezivikelo eziqinile, esisogwini entabeni ende, okwakwenza i inqaba ungenakunqotshwa. Oleg wazitshaya Varangian yomthengisi. Amasosha walala phansi Ehlasela, phezu kwabo embozwe amasaka izimpahla. I ke abanikazi edolobheni, Askold futhi Dir, weza pier ukukhetha okuhle kwe-baletha, uphinde uqoqe inkokhiso imvume ukuze uqhubeke eMfuleni Dnieper lapho waya olwandle. Bona ababoshwa futhi abulawe, wangcwatshwa ezindaweni ezahlukene.

ohlakaniphile uhlakaniphile

Kwenzeka kanjalo-ke inyunyana of Kiev ne Novgorod ngaphansi indoda eyodwa - Prince Oleg, lawo ngokushesha wabe yokuqinisa womuzi onqotshiwe. Ukuthi wangena emzini, ngokusho legend, ngokuthi Kiev "unina amadolobha Russian." Oleg wayefuna ukwenza lokhu edolobheni enhlokodolobha abuye esekele sokuhlala kwakhe lapha. Yiqiniso, Kiev akazange ayeke. Kodwa-ke u-Oleg wenza ngokuhlakanipha kakhulu. Kwezinye izizwe (drevlyans okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, northerners radzimichy) wazihlanganisa Russia, ewakhulula ekhokha intela emba eqolo kuya Khazar Khanate. Territory kuncike Oleg baba amandla eqinile, okuyinto kwasho ukuqala kumiswa inhlangano Kiev futhi Novgorod. Unyaka isiko ngonyaka 882 kubhekwa ekuqaleni isimo Russian.

"Impindiselo ngoba Khazars abangenangqondo"

Enye into enkulu Oleg kwaba ukuthi yahlasela buhlungu obunamandla umqali - the Khazar Khanate, nokuhlupha nxazonke. Lapho u-Oleg lesiprofetho wayeya "izoziphindiselela Khazars abangenangqondo", ohlangothini lwakhe kwakungamadodana Pechenegs, futhi ohlangothini izitha - the Magyars, ngubani, ethwele ukulahlekelwa omkhulu, baphoqeleka ukuba babaleke ngoba Karpaty. ibutho Russian baba esinganqobeki.

Futhi ekuqaleni konke lokhu ukubeka okwenzekile ngonyaka 882 inyunyana of Kiev ne Novgorod. Kwatholakala inzuzo iqiniso lokuthi ekhatsi Kiev ezingeni impucuko kancane ephakeme - kukhona yezandla uye wakwenza ngokuzimisela athuthukile, abathengisa, babenza umsebenzi ofanayo, namasiko. isimo Enobunye edonswa ezingeni capital esizayo. New amandla ezinkulu kamuva owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi Rus. Oleg futhi Igor esakhula ukukholelwa emandleni nebutho lakhe.

"Isihlangu sakho emasangweni waseConstantinople"

Oleg kwaba ukulwa wesithathu ukumisa sekukhokhelwa inkokhiso eConstantinople nesokuphela kuzuzisa kakhulu ngenxa izinkontileka ezintsha isimo nge amaGreki. Abathengisi bamshaya babemba eqolo ngaphezulu. Mhlawumbe kwakungenxa kuphela ngoba u-Oleg lesiprofetho munye ngaphansi umyalo wakhe ezimbili Russian State Centre - Kiev futhi Novgorod.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Kiev kwaba lalisemzileni oya ezimayini WaseByzantium, ngaleso sikhathi laliyisikhungo isayensi kanye namasiko, kanye kunalelo ezingeni impucuko of wonke amazwe e-Europe. Ukusayinwa zezivumelwano zokuthula walelo zwe Yiqiniso, ezandleni Russia. Sung NJENGOBA Pushkin, isikhulu esikhulu Oleg abethelwe isihlangu emasangweni waseConstantinople (waseConstantinople), ukuthi umuzi yanqotshwa. impumelelo enjalo, akalokothi wawuyokwenza, yena ongazange enze inyunyana Kiev futhi Novgorod. Unyaka ka lo mcimbi oyindumezulu bayophila phakade emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke yomlando Russian. Inkathi kumiswa isimo Russian lasendulo lihlotshaniswa namagama Oleg Igor, u-Olga, Svyatoslav. Kievan Rus at esiqongweni nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo athatha izwe labakwa-, okunomkhawulo intshonalanga yizimbaxa we Dniester Vistula nemingenela we iVolga empumalanga, i-Peninsula Taman eningizimu sifinyelela engenhla Northern Dvina River enyakatho. Ukudalwa simo elikhulu eMpumalanga Yurophu imakwe inyunyana Novgorod futhi Kiev lapho Oleg.

Inxanxathela yekusombulula inkinga

Yiqiniso, kuphela ukuthunjwa Kiev kungaba umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. Isimo esisha khona ohlanga ekuseni amakhosi asendulo, esimelela ngasekhanda umbusi yedwa, bagxila ezandleni zakhe wonke amandla. Igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini egcwele inkokhiso ikakhulukazi ngenxa ekhokhwa abantu benqoba. Ukulethwa izizwe ezingomakhelwane ihlinzeka lezinkinga eziningana - kwehle kuphangwa, kukhuphuke izimali endaweni yomcebo, abathengisi kwezimpahla duty-free, okuyinto futhi anda amandla yezwe oyinhloko. I ikhambi lalezi zinkinga kwaba ehlombe kuphela isimo eqinile, okuyinto kwasho ukuqala ukuzalwa inyunyana Novgorod futhi Kiev. Usuku, ukubaluleka okuyinto okunzima overestimate, wadlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni ezweni lethu. Yingaleso sikhathi zombango, nokuwa kwamandla ku principalities amancane, kodwa isimo okwase kukhona ngaphambili, savuka, munye ebusweni besitha futhi ukunqoba kwakhe kuzo zonke izimpi. Lona umnyombo walokho Russia, lokhu sengqondo salo, esiwulwazi iqoqo umqondo, imizwa kanye namasiko. Waya inzalo Varangian onogada Oleg, wehle enyakatho eConstantinople futhi walinqoba.

incazelo emfushane

Ukuhlanganisa Kiev futhi Novgorod kungenziwa kafushane bachazwa futhi ngalendlela. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe 879, Rurik amandla lidlule ezandleni omnakekelayo nomfowabo nendodana usana Igor. Voivod Oleg, ethola izinso iminyaka emithathu ukuze ziqinise futhi ukuhlomisa ezweni ngakwesokunxele ngemva oshonile. Khona-ke, nge amaqhawe oqeqeshwe kahle, umfutho okwakukhona Norman amaqhawe, lapho sebehambe eningizimu ukuze anqobe umhlaba, mhlawumbe zonke, amanga eduze umzila obalulekile wezohwebo "kusukela amaViking namaGreki", futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe le abathengisi kanye nezwe ekukhokheni enduduzo babemba eqolo lapho izimpahla ezazishushumbiswa. Kiev, okuyinto amanga endleleni, efana waseConstantinople owawubaluleke kunayo yonke vzimatelyami inkokhiso.