Macroeconomics kuchazwa ngokuthi endaweni yezomnotho ukuthi etadisha izinqubo ezenzeka ezingeni emnothweni kazwelonke sisonke

Macroeconomics kuchazwa ngokuthi endaweni yezomnotho ukuthi ufunda ukusebenza, isakhiwo, indlela yokuziphatha kanye izinqumo emnothweni ngokuphelela kwazo, hhayi izinhlangano ngabanye yayo, izingxenye noma izimakethe, wafunda ezingeni micro. Sidingida izici kazwelonke, eemfundeni kanye nephasi loke. Micro- futhi Macroeconomics kukhona izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko ukutadisha umnotho.

definition

Macroeconomics (isiqalo "imakhro" ngesiGreki lisho "omkhulu") etadisha izinkomba aggregate afana omkhiqizo, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, intengo indices nokuhlobana phakathi kwemikhakha eyehlukene yomnotho. Umgomo wayo lomkhulu - ukuthola impendulo yombuzo konke isebenza kanjani. Macroeconomists wahlanganyela ukwakhiwa onobuhle ezichaza ubudlelwano phakathi izinkomba ezifana ukukhiqizwa, ingeniso kazwelonke, ukuwa kwamandla emali, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukonga, ukusetshenziswa, utshalomali, ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba kanye ezezimali. Uma ososayensi micro-level aphenye ngalokho okumele kwenziwe ikakhulukazi ngabanye ejenti kanye nezimakethe ngabanye, emnothweni ubonakala uhlelo lapho bonke izakhi basuke esihlobene futhi kuthinte babone ukuphumelela noma ukwehluleka.

isihloko cwaningo

Lena indawo ebanzi kakhulu. Nokho, singasho ukuthi Macroeconomics kuchazwa ngokuthi endaweni yezomnotho ukuthi etadisha izici ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• Izimbangela nemiphumela imali iyehla iyenyuka kazwelonke esikhathini esifushane. Lokho umjikelezo ibhizinisi.
• Etintfweni sokukhula komnotho kwesikhathi eside. Lokho kukodwa nje ingeniso kazwelonke.

onobuhle yomnotho ukusebenza ngosizo lezi izibikezelo ezisetshenziswa ohulumeni kazwelonke sokuthuthukisa kanye nokuhlola inqubomgomo yabo okwenza imali yentela.

imiqondo eyisisekelo

Macroeconomics kuchazwa ngokuthi endaweni yezomnotho ukuthi etadisha umnotho kazwelonke iyonke. Ngakho-ke akukho lutho isimanga yokuthi ihlanganisa ezihlukahlukene imiqondo kanye eziguquguqukayo. Nokho, kukhona izihloko ezintathu ezisemqoka zocwaningo komnotho omkhulu. Theory zingahlanganiswa ekukhiqizeni, abangasebenzi, noma kwehla amandla emali. Lezi zihloko zibaluleke ngokuba wonke amanxusa kwezomnotho, hhayi kuphela ngoba abacwaningi.

ukukhiqizwa

engenayo National yisikali sokuthi umthamo isamba konke ukhiqiza isimo isikhathi esithile. Ngenxa Macroeconomics lichazwa ngokuthi endaweni yezomnotho ukuthi ufunda wonke umnotho kazwelonke iyonke, kubalulekile ukuhlola ukukhiqizwa hhayi kuphela ngokuya ngokomzimba kodwa futhi zenani elikhulu. Inkinga futhi engenayo zivame kubhekwe okulingana. Zivame uzwakalise ngokuya omkhiqizo, noma omunye ohlelweni lwama-akhawunti netinkhomba tavelonkhe. Abacwaningi, abenza ithemba eside lokuguqulwa okukhipha, ukutadisha komnotho. I last kuthonywa izinto ezifana intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, ekuqongeleleni imishini kanye nezinye izinsiza-dolobha, ngcono imfundo. Ibhizinisi imijikelezo kungadala ukwehla esifushane ukukhiqizwa, okusho ukwehla kwamandla omnotho okuthiwa. izinqubomgomo kaZwelonke kufanele kuqondwe ngayo ukuvimbela yabo futhi ukukhula komnotho.

abangasebenzi

Macroeconomics kuchazwa ngokuthi endaweni theory kwezomnotho, okuyinto, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, iye ukutadisha izindikimba ezintathu eziyinhloko. Kungasebenti - omunye wabo. ezingeni layo kukalwa iphesenti labantu abangasebenzi. Lokhu iphesenti akubandakanyi abantu umhlalaphansi futhi abafundi. Kunezinhlobo eziningana abangasebenzi:

• Classical. Ivela uma elisungulwe emakethe yezabasebenzi, inkokhelo eqolo, ngakho izinkampani engathandi ukuqasha abasebenzi ezengeziwe.
• Friction. Lolu hlobo abangasebenzi kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ukufuna indawo omusha engase ngiwutholile - ngisho noma kukhona izikhala ezifanele - kuthatha isikhathi.
• Ukwakheka. Ihlanganisa yonke eziningi zenyathi, ezixhunywe ne kabusha kwezomnotho. Kulokhu kukhona nokungahambisani phakathi kwamakhono akhona kanye namakhono kubantu ezidingekayo ukuze umsebenzi. Le nkinga maningi amathuba okuthi kwenzeke ngokuqondene amarobhothi futhi computerization komnotho.
• Eyindilinga. umthetho Okun sika elikushoyo ngobuhlobo enokwehla phakathi ukukhula komnotho kanye nokungabibikho kwemisebenzi. Three-ukwanda ngamaphesenti angu ekukhiqizeni kuholela ekwandeni ekusetshenzisweni 1%. Nokho, kumelwe siqonde ukuthi abangasebenzi akunakugwenywa ngesikhathi recessions.

izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali

Macroeconomics uzimisele kuphela ukukhiqizwa futhi nenombolo abasebenzi abaqashiwe. Okubalulekile, ukuziphatha amanani kwezimpahla we kubhasikidi umthengi. Lezi zinguquko kulinganiswa usebenzisa izinkomba ezithile. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kwenzeka uma emnothweni kazwelonke "okweqile", ukukhula uqala kwenzeke ngokushesha. Kulokhu, lo macroeconomy lichazwa ngokuthi endaweni yezomnotho ukuthi ufunda indlela lapho ungakwazi ukulawula supply imali futhi kuvimbele intengo Kuzonyuka. Ngesisekelo iziphetho yayo kusekelwe uhulumeni yemali izinqubomgomo yentela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwehlisa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kungandisa inani lenzalo noma ukunciphisa supply imali. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela yiluphi uhlobo kwaba izenzo ngempumelelo yibhange emaphakathi kungaholela ukungaqiniseki emphakathini kanye nezinye imiphumela emibi. Nokho, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi deflation kungaholela ekuncipheni zokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ekulinganiseni amanani, hhayi sivumele ukuba ehla enyuka phezu yimiphi amaqembu.

onobuhle komnotho omkhulu

Ukuze ukuchaza ngokucacile ukuthi ungawukhipha kanjani umnotho wembulunga yonke kanye kazwelonke, wasebenzisa imifanekiso. Macroeconomics kuchazwa ngokuthi endaweni yezomnotho ukuthi ufunda izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko imifanekiso:

1. AD-AS. Imodeli ukunikezela aggregate uphoqe silinganisele kucatshangelwe kokubili esifushane kanye nasesikhathini eside.
2. IS-LM. Luhlelo esisindisa ukutshalwa - inhlanganisela ukulinganisela imali lezimpahla izimakethe.
3. imodeli ukukhula. Ngokwesibonelo, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Roberta Solou.

Wemali nezinqubomgomo kwezimali

Macroeconomics ngokuvamile kuchazwa ngokuthi indawo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela, tincumo nekubeka projection ukuthi zingabekwa kalula zibe practice. Futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso. Ukuze ekulinganiseni umnotho livame ukusetshenziswa izinqubomgomo okwenza imali yentela. Inhloso esemqoka kulezi zindlela - ukufeza nokukhula kwe-GDP, bangakunaki umsebenzi wokuziphilisa wesikhathi esigcwele.

Umgomo wezimali is olwenziwe yi-emabhange central futhi lihlotshaniswa ukulawula supply imali nge izindlela eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo angase akhiphe imali ukuthenga izibopho noma ezinye izimpahla. Lokhu kuzokwehlisa amazinga isithakazelo. Umgomo wezimali akukwazi ngempumelelo ngenxa isicupho zezimali. Uma wenzuzo zenzalo esondele ku-zero, izilinganiso bendabuko azisebenzi. Kulokhu, kungase kube usizo, ezifana ubuhlungu ambalwa.

inqubomgomo Fiscal kuhilela ukusetshenziswa izimali zomphakathi kanye izindleko ukuze Umthelela emnothweni. Ake sithi, emnothweni kazwelonke kukhona enganele umthamo ukusetshenziswa. Isimo bakwazi ukwandisa izindleko zalo ngokuxhuma yakha umthelela wokuphindaphinda, futhi ngeke sikwazi ukugcina ukukhula okukhipha kwezimpahla namasevisi.

Umlando inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ukuthuthukiswa

Macroeconomics kuchazwa ngokuthi umkhakha ukuthi iphuma ingxoxo lomjikelezo ibhizinisi. Ubuningi imfundiso yokuziphendukela imali yayidumile kakhulu ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II. Omunye izinguqulo yayo kwakungekaNkulunkulu Irving Fisher. It washayelwa ezothando eyaziwa: M (imali ibhidi) * V (ekujikelezeni kwazo izinga) = P (intengo ezingeni) * Q (okuphumayo). Ludwig von Mises, omele isikole Austria, ngo-1912 wakhipha umqulu ephepheni lapho izihloko lezomnotho othuthukileko zambozwa okokuqala. Kwakheka theory ngemva Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Ngendlela yesimanje ye Macroeconomics owaqala ngokuvukela ukushicilelwa Jikelele Dzhona Meynarda Keynes 'Theory Emisebenzini, Inzalo Imali. " Okwengeziwe ucwaningo wemboni baliklasi lonkhe abameleli bazibandakanye kuzo zonke izikhombisi-ndlela, ikakhulukazi monetarists kanye neo-classic.