Uyini isiko Chernyakhov? Isiko Chernyakhov: imvelaphi kanye nencazelo

Chernyakhov Culture - sezikhathi ngobukhulu bemivubukulo emlandweni ekuseni lwamaSlav. Kwangithatha isikhathi impela eningi isikhala ensimini ka yesimanje Ukraine, Romania, Moldova neRussia. Ayisebenzi elise ikakhulukazi asemaqeleni kanye ihlathi, okungenani - ku esishintshashintshayo asemaqeleni.

izici Jikelele

Ucwaningo lolu isiko kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze Kuvisisa tindzaba, Slav ethnogenesis. iphutha Isikhathi esifanele asebenzayo kufuduka izinqubo, abantu exutshwe nomunye, ngezinye izikhathi kwakuba nzima kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi iyini yezingxenye ezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo. Noma kunjalo, izazi eziningi ziyavumelana lokuthi kumiswa lwamaSlav lasendulo senzeka ngo sisondelene Izindawo lalezi ezinye izizwe kwasekuqaleni ilungele. Ngo isayensi owandile umbono ukuthi ukuhamba wokugcina, okuyinto 1-3 eminyaka BC. e. bathuthela ezindaweni zezifunda Roman, Northern Black Sea Coast, iye yaba nendima ekhethekile. Ngalesi sikhathi, kukhona kumiswa Kwamanye amasiko uhlobo Slavic, ezifana, isibonelo, Przeworsk, Kiev, nabanye. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lwamaSlav zanikezelwa phakathi antskogo isizwe, njengoba kubikiwe ngo ezincwadini zasendulo. Kuyinto kulo mongo futhi kufanele kubhekwe Chernyakhovsky inkathi emlandweni we Slavic zokuhlala.

cwaningo

Lokhu isiko kuthatha igama lawo emzaneni Chernyakhiv (Kiev esifundeni), okuyinto wahlolwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ososayensi Korotynskyy. Izazi eziningi sithambekele bakholelwa ukuthi kuyinto e ngezithako zawo yobuhlanga kwaba elixube. Futhi kunenkolelo ukuthi Zarubintsy futhi Chernyakhov isiko zihlobene, ngoba yokugcina salandelwa owokuqala, okuyinto kubhekwa Slavic (nakuba historiography wesinye isizwe ungumthombo umbono wokuthi ngezithako zawo yobuhlanga kwaba German). Guqula yokuphila ufundwa ezifana ososayensi abaqavile njengoba abadobi Sedov.

umsuka

Chernyakhov Culture kuwumphumela kufuduka izinqubo, eyaqala ensimini ka amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu. Izazi-mlando eziningi zithi ivelaphi kuya kwe Goths, ngubani, ukuthatha indawo Ukrainian, exovwe bendawo. Ngalesi sikhathi kwavela i oium isimo. Imingcele yayo nalolo wezombangazwe. Ngoba kwenye indawo kwe eziyinkimbinkimbi ageleza Chernyakhovskaya isiko kwaba multi-yobuhlanga, kwakugcwele Slavic Antes, amaJalimane, amaSkithe Sarmats. Abadobi mlando, wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuwumsebenzi le Slavic lasendulo, kodwa lo mbono PHIKISA kwezesayensi.

umnotho

Isiko Chernyakhovskaya wakhe uhlanganisa inkathi esukela IV ukuze II. n. e. Wayesesitezi ezingeni ezingokomnotho ngempela eziphambili. Ngesisekelo emnothweni wakhuthaza igeja lokulima. Izazi zemivubukulo ziye zathola izinsalela zamathempeli amageja, amathiphu yensimbi, Hacks, ayesetshenziselwa kwezolimo. Egajwe Izinkomo zizalela, kanti izakhamuzi ephakanyiswe izingulube amahhashi. Isetshenziselwa isitoreji umgodi, ezatholakala eziningi zokuhlala. Chernyakhovskaya isiko libhekene izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu zobungcweti. Population ngobuciko ukusingatha metal, ithambo nezinkuni. umhlobiso ezilondoloziwe metal non-ayoni, izinsalela amathuluzi wenza kusuka amathambo isilwane.

Kwamanye amasayithi we amaziko Metallurgical ezitholakele. ngokusobala Izakhamuzi ayejwayelene izindlela ezahlukene ukucutshungulwa yensimbi (eqeda) kanye ukukhiqizwa steel. Nokho, isici zethusi eziningi balondolozwa. Kukhona umbono wokuthi abanye amasu ukucutshungulwa ziye lathathwa izifundazwe Roman, kanye nesifunda-Central European.

zokuhlala

Chernyakhovskaya isiko ukusakaza ikakhulu ezindaweni ihlathi, ngakho ekhaya lakhe bekukukhulu ngobukhulu futhi ngokuvamile singunxande. nemizana Eqiniswe incane, kodwa namanje abanye babo ezigcinwe kule ndawo eningizimu (edolobheni, Aleksandrovka). ngaphakathi kwezindonga zabo ukufinyelela amamitha ayishumi nambili ubude, kukhona okuvimbezela futhi izinqaba. Bakhandwa sise eziphakeme, kuyilapho izindlu abavamile - ngebhayisikili nemingenela yemifula encane.

Sasihlala kule ndlu singu ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: zokuhlala kanye nezomnotho. isikhungo itholakala maphakathi. Kwezinye amakhaya, izindonga benza "ezomile", ie. E. Ngaphandle isixazululo ekhethekile isibopho. Letakhi ngokuvamile Stolbovo ukubiyela kubo senziwa ngesundu futhi camera nobumba. Emizini elise "izidleke" ka floodplains. Ngaphakathi ababenakho elilodwa noma amabili amakhamera.

ezikhumbuzo

Chernyakhov isiko bemivubukulo aye wasigcina eziningi izakhiwo ezithakazelisayo. Okokuqala sikhuluma izinyoka abadumile (eTroyan) imiphini, okuyinto zitholakala eningizimu Kiev loMfula Dnieper. Lesi sakhiwo cwe kwaba ukuzivikela enjongweni. Kuyinto uchungechunge emhlabeni embankments futhi ube nemigodi ngemigodi, esisuka endaweni ekude (izakhiwo ahlukene abe obuphelele komunye komunye namashumi ayisihlanu amakhilomitha).

Okunabileko nazo sisikhumbuza Chernyakhov isiko Vinnitsa esifundeni. Lapha, eyingqayizivele idwala imidwebo, okushiwo ngalo namanje ososayensi phikisana kwatholakala. Ibonisa kwesihlahla ezingenamaqabunga, omunye amagatsha awo Iqhude ehlezi phambi kwakhe - indoda ngemuva okuyinto kukhona izinyamazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka has a Uhlaka esikhaleni phakathi izimpondo. Esinye isakhiwo endaweni efanayo - inkwali Ilinetsky ka tufa wentaba-mlilo ngokwenza ukuphendula izigayo. Lokhu kusikisela ezingeni lelisetulu ukuthuthukiswa yokusansimbi esifundeni.

yokungcwaba

Duffel eziyinkimbinkimbi Chernyakhov isiko usukela hhayi kuphela emakhaya kodwa futhi ngcwaba. Nokho, njengoba umthetho, kukhona amathuna abo kancane, kodwa namanje uvumele abanye zobuciko lokuphinda ukubukeka kwesikhathi. ngezinye izikhathi imigodi yokungcwaba kutholakale izinto zangamalanga kanye nezimpahla zasendlini. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona izitsha nezingxenye for imisebenzi yasendlini efana nokwakha uthi lokuphotha. Thola bese imihlobiso. Phakathi kwabo, isibonelo, fibula.

Chernyakhovskaya isiko libhekene ngezindlela ezimbili lokungcwatshwa: nemingcwabo futhi cremations. Esimweni sokuqala esetshenziswa ezivamile emgodini elingunxande, izinsalela yesibili afakwe ezitsheni izimbiza, amabhodwe ngisho nezitsha. Amathuna atholakala, futhi izinsalela izingalo, isibonelo, arrowheads, nemikhonto, izinkemba izimisele ngezinhloso isiko. Kukhona zombili yokungcwaba olulodwa futhi kanambambili.

Houseware

Settlement of the isiko Chernyakhov, njengoba umthetho, baba kwezomnotho e injongo yawo nemisebenzi. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile kakhulu kukhona izinto ezidingekayo kwezolimo nasezimbonini. Izakhamuzi wayazi isondo sombumbi, benza izitsha tabobunjwa. Kwathiwa kakhulu athuthukile ukwelukwa, ngezinye izikhathi abavubukuli bathole iminonjana izindwangu ezahlukene izinto zasendlini kanye ukuphila ekhaya.

izitsha

kuthiwe nezitsha zobumba, njengoba kuba kwi eziyinkimbinkimbi duffel, abavubukuli ngokuvamile ukuhlukanisa isiko. Population Ukubuyekeza isikhathi yokukhiqiza i ezihlukahlukene izinto zangamalanga, kodwa izitsha okutholakele atiwa, ehlotshisiwe noma imigqa ovundlile, noma imiqulu eyengeziwe kanye anemifantu kancane impumuzo. Phakathi okutholakele emangalisayo Black Sea amphora futhi krasnoglinyanoy futhi krasnolakovoy izitsha wadala futhi amazwe kusuka workshop zezifunda wamaRoma. Imikhiqizo ezenziwe ngobumba anolaka atholakala ngokuvamile izindlu.

zobungcweti

Metal Chernyakhov isiko - Esikhatsini lesinyenti yensimbi. Labantu bakwazi ukucubungula i-ore, kusobala, hhayi ngaphandle kwethonya ubuchwepheshe wamaRoma. Nokho, okwatholakala yezikhali alikho ngempela: kuba ikakhulukazi arrowheads, nemikhonto, izinkemba ingxenye.

Endaweni ehlukile, kufanele akusho ngengcebo. Ensimini ka isiko ezitholakala inqwaba zemali ESonto LamaRoma ayenza lezi kuya entshonalanga Dniester - zethusi, empumalanga - esiliva. Futhi odlule ngathola eziningi e hoards, kodwa ochwepheshe baye bazwakalisa umbono wokuthi imali isetshenziselwa ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba, kanti izidingo esendaweni esetshenziswa ngempahla. Ngaphansi common zemali Bosporan ayenza lezi zinhlamvu.

duffel eziyinkimbinkimbi

Phakathi zobuciko wathola semali ubucwebe, isibonelo, ukuthola inani elikhulu iziqhano zokuhloba, ubuhlalu buckles, Combs. Lezinto ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke imimese, izimbazo, iqhubezela. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuthola izinto empini kodwa zimbalwa. Okunabileko ayizinkemba, imimese, nemikhonto. Endaweni ehlukile, kufanele lathi lapha ngalokhu okwatholakala yasekuqaleni - umfanekiso zekhalenda bomkhumbi. It has a round umumo, futhi ngaphansi inyanga ngayinye - sibalo okuhambisanayo.

imikhumbi

Ngakho, isiko Chernyakhov, isithombe esikhumbuzo zazo okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, zazihlukile ezingeni sezingeni eliphezulu yentuthuko kule kwezomnotho kanye ibhizinisi sphere. Endaweni ehlukile, kufanele ngokuphathelene nenjongo izitsha isiko: ezinye zalezi amakhalenda atholakele isithombe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona okwatholakala glassware. Izinsiza kusebenza for yokukhiqiza ukuthi yingcweti amaRoma ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD waqhubeka cabanga isiko emphakathini. Ezimweni eziningi, nezitsha umbala Iqanda emise aphuzi noma ogqamile.

ethnography

Chernyakhovskaya isiko, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kwaba esemazweni ngezithako zawo yobuhlanga. Lokhu kungenxa kufuduka notshwala ezenzeke ezwekazini laseYurophu ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngakho-ke, izazi-mlando eziye lakhomba inani ingxenye ethnographic ukubunjwa yayo: zamaJalimane, Sarmatian-umSkithe, Slavic. Eyokuqala imelelwa amathuna kanambambili, izindlu amakhulu nezakhiwo, kanye zobumba ekhethekile velbarskogo hlobo. Lezi izimpawu ejwayelekile cishe yonke indawo ukusatshalaliswa kwale isiko.

Uhlobo lwesibili umelwe izakhiwo ethnographic esikhulu itshe, multi-ekamelweni izindlu elalenziwa ekhethekile yokungcwaba, lapho wafaka inyama ethuneni ngommese wanamathela kuwo, izingcezu wokulinganisa noma upende. Ngokuyinhloko yokungcwaba kwenziwe podboynyh imigodi noma catacombs. Futhi kule ndawo elinesimo mkhakha okhethekile Cookware - izimbiza ngentamo ekwandiseni phezulu. Leli qembu azithola ikakhulukazi bagxila kule North Sea, uhlalwe yalezi zizwe.

Ekugcineni, iqembu lenqaba zobuciko emelelwa maqhugwane elincane sikwele kunothile imigodi yasendlini. Le ndawo libhekene ukungabi khona izindunduma esikhulu, kanye khona izimbiza ikakhulukazi stucco. indawo Main yokusabalalisa - Dniester, nakho savela nezinye isiko lwesiSlavic Kiev, Przeworsk. Penkovsky Hlukanisa namasiko Slavic usunike OM Prihodnyuk. Chernyakhovskaya isiko abaseduze naye adjoined, nakuba ososayensi baye babonisa ukuthi akazange nethonya juqu on ukuthuthukisa element Slavic, ngoba kwaba elixube kakhulu.

izinkinga komlando

Mayelana isici ngenhla yesayensi, zikhona izinkinga ukuphola nokubala kwalo izikhathi lokhu isiko. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi okutholakele musa njalo sivumele nokwethenjelwa eyanele zihlanganisa zobuciko yayo eminyakeni eyikhulu ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule ndawo okunikeziwe eziningi izimpahla amazwe, ikakhulukazi Lokudabuka Roman, uba ngaphansi kokuphatha kukabani ithonya Yaphathwa. Ngakho-ke, afanele kakhulu indlela ukujola ngo nemingcwabo.

izici isici

Ngakho, lokhu isiko libhekene ukuhlukahluka okutholakele, esho nokuthi lasungulwa yahanjelwa eziningi izakhi ezahlukene. Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile iqiniso lokuthi kwaba endaweni kwethonya lamaRoma. provincialism zayo, ngokuqinisekile nomthelela ezingeni lelisetulu isiko futhi, esikhundleni salokho, yavusa ukuvela ngaphezulu ubuchwepheshe eziphambili esifundeni. Abanye ochwepheshe futhi ukhombe namaDacia nethonya kule ndawo.

Ubuhlobo kwamanye amasiko

Chernyakhovsky isikhathi khona isigaba ezibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni lwamaSlav lasendulo. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi ababekuso ngokuseduze kakhulu namanye amaqembu abantu bendabuko, ngakho lokhu isiko ivumela kuphela ingxenye kabusha endulo Slavic. Kodwa kwaba ngaphansi kwethonya badedelane, uye luwuthinte nezinye amasiko lapho isici Slavic kwaba evelele: Przeworsk, kolochinskoy, Kiev.

ekupheleni

baziphatha Cultural kwakubangelwa elinye igagasi lokuhamba lanyakazisa ezwekazini laseYurophu. Lesi sikhathi, kwakukhona yokufuduka abangophakimpi Huns ayimizulane. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni outflow ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi kuya entshonalanga, njengoba kukhona kuthiwa mibhalo. Nokho, kuleli hlathi-asemaqeleni kanye asemaqeleni esishintshashintshayo babe amaqembu athile ukuthi babe kuncike Huns. Kodwa kuya enyakatho-mpumalanga esikhathini esingaphambili isiko Chernyakhov, bese kwaqondana wakhe ngesikhathi, wayeqhubeka ephila nezinye isiko lwesiSlavic - Kiev. iminonjana yayo ezigcinwe kahle. Abavubukuli bathole amangcwaba, amakhaya, izinto zasekhaya ngisho nengcebo.

Inani

Chernyakhovsky inkathi ukuthuthukiswa kubalulekile ngoba ingenye izigaba zokuqala emlandweni Ngasekuqaleni lwamaSlav. Ihlanganisa impela isikhala esikhulu indawo, kuhlanganise eziningi izifunda zezwe lethu: Sifundazwe futhi eKursk. Nokho, likwazi ukufinyelela umlando ezinye izizwe kubhekwa isikhathi: amaJalimane, amaCelt, amaSkithe nabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkathi has izimpawu ezisobala Roman ngasekupheleni, Black Sea amathonya elikuvumela ukuba uhlole izigaba kamuva ukuthuthukiswa kulezi zifunda. Ngakho-ke, ezichazwe Culture sihloko ngenkuthalo wafunda phambi Revolution, ezikhathini Soviet, ukuhlaziya yayo uyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku. Chernyakhovsky indlu ka isiko, isibonelo, ngezikhathi lucwaningo imisebenzi ukuze kulondolozwe abantu bendabuko amasiko, okumele ukusekela isithakazelo eminyakeni eminingi edlule.