"Isandla engabonakali emakethe": umqondo futhi Umgomo we operation

Ekupheleni 1775 futhi ekuqaleni 1776 eNgilandi, eyanyatheliswa kumagazini ofundwayo wokuqala we abadumile edition yemiqulu emibili ye-Economist Scottish u-Adam Smith, abazinikele cwaningo izimbangela kanye nohlobo ingcebo yezizwe. Kulesi msebenzi omkhulukazi, kwathiwa owokuqala owachaza lesi nezimiso ekuhwebelaneni namazwe omhlaba eziyisisekelo. Umbhali isebenza izingxabano zabo ngale ndaba kuye umcebo isizwe sakwa imali oyitholile ngoba umphumela umsebenzi umuntu ngamunye uklame isimiso esibalulekile kakhulu, okuyinto iqanjwe okwamanje "isandla engabonakali emakethe". essence yayo wukuthi abantu uqondise yonke imizamo yabo namandla mkhakha wemboni kazwelonke, okuyinto anganikeza kubo imali kakhulu. Ngenxa lokhu kuphakama umkhakha ampofu, futhi lapho okwamanje kwakhiwa ukunqwabelana kwenzeka outflow capital ezindaweni oholela kangcono futhi ethembisa. Ngakho, zonke izakhamuzi zezwe, ukucabanga ukuthi ihlangana kuphela izidingo zayo, ngempela ikhonza izithakazelo sonke isizwe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, igama elithi 'isandla engabonakali emakethe "simi siqinile izincwadi kwezomnotho kanye ngokuvamile utholakala namuhla. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba amabutho kwezomnotho, eyaziwa kithi njengoba le kwaneliswe isidingo, njalo uzama ukufeza ukulingana.

Kanjani "isandla ongabonakali" ka Smith

imithetho emakethe bephoqeleka nabathengisi futhi abathengi ukwenza, ikhumbula izithakazelo mutual. Ngakho, usomabhizinisi akasoze ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo nje evuna naye, nokuthi abathengi akanandaba. Futhi intengo isibhakabhaka-okusezingeni eliphezulu, ngeke bakwazi ukusungula - kulesi simo-ke kulula dlula izimbangi. It kuvela ukuthi uwine futhi uthole inzuzo esiphezulu labo bayakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo labantu nge impahla nqampuna umhlabeleli futhi udangele kakhulu kungenzeka izindleko kuphela. Osomabhizinisi abanandaba nenhlalakahle emphakathini, kodwa inzuzo yabo yobugovu ukuba zonke izakhamuzi. Ngakho-ke, Smith wayekholelwa ukuthi ukungenela umbuso emnothweni kuyalimaza: "isandla engabonakali emakethe" ngokwalo kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokubhekana nazo zonke izinkinga zamanje futhi izinselele. Kuyadingeka ukuba unike amandla umuntu ngamunye ukuba aphishekele ngokukhululekile izinzuzo zabo zomnotho, futhi kungaba kuhle kakhulu ukuba neqhaza ekukhuleni Umcebo kazwelonke kuleli zwe. Ngokwe-theory ukubeka phambili u-Adamu Smit "isandla ongabonakali" ifaka izinto eziyisithupha eziyinhloko:

1. Market amanani akhiwa sekulinganisa ukunikezela funa.
2. Ukuguquguquka yamazinga nenqwaba inzuzo, okungukuthi, kungenzeka dolobha kude ongaphakeme inzuzo futhi batheleka izindawo high-isivuno ibhizinisi.
3. mncintiswano Mahhala, ngokuyenga kuphela ukukhiqiza izimpahla ezidingekayo emakethe.
4. Demand, okuyinto injini enamandla lonke umnotho.
5. Ukunikeza imikhiqizo ingabhekana zonke funa ekhona.
6. Ukubolekwa Bank of ngamabhange wokukhipha ukubolekisa imizi yokugcina namabhizinisi.

Isandla engabonakali emakethe futhi lamanje izimo

Khumbula ukuthi u-Adam Smith wadala bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe ngesikhathi lapho umnotho wembulunga namanje akaziwa ukuthi ubukhulu bale nkinga, "Yokuwohloka Okukhulu", etholakala ngokuphamba zezimali ezinkulu, zamazwe ngamazwe, ukuhlanganiswa izinqubo, izinhlekelele zemvelo , nokunye .. Ngaphezu kwalokho ngokugcwele umnotho emakethe akakwazi ukucabanga osendaweni, uxazulule izinkinga zenhlalo, ukuvikela imvelo, sihlinzeke izinhlelo zabantu inzuzo (ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda, nokugcina ukuzivikela wezwe nokunye. p.), ahlelembe s wave imvelo nokuthuthukiswa komnotho. Yingakho ngo kokungenela kwethu isimo isikhathi kuyadingeka. Umbuto ukutsi ngezinga elingakanani futhi nalokho amathuluzi ke luzoqala.