Umncintiswano khulula: umqondo, indlela, intengo

Isici esiyinhloko iyiphi emakethe mncintiswano. Ngaphezu kwaneliswe isidingo, lesi sici inikeza umsebenzi walo.

Inchazelo

Empeleni, lo mncintiswano libizwa tinhlobo letehlukene umbango kwezomnotho phakathi amafemu, izinkampani kanye osomabhizinisi ukuthi ukukhiqiza izimpahla noma amasevisi. Injongo ngxabano yabo ukuthola izindawo ezingconywana yokuziphatha imisebenzi zokukhiqiza, ukugcwaliseka umkhiqizo futhi ngenxa yalokho kwandiswe inzuzo.

Ingqikithi mncintiswano

Ukuba khona umncintiswano esivuna causative isici ushayela abaqashi ukufuna izixazululo ngempumelelo ngaphezulu abasafufusa nezindaba nezinkinga ibhizinisi. Special umthelela mncintiswano ine phezu izinga lomkhiqizo, kanye izinga yokuthengisa.

Ngezinye izikhathi amafomu umbango kwezomnotho ukufinyelela enkulu engakaze ibonwe, futhi izinkanuko nemizwelo esefike ezingeni yokuthi igama elithi "umncintiswano" ingaphezu ezifanele.

Umncintiswano kuhle emakethe

Coming emakethe, abakhiqizi kumele njalo ukuvikela izikhundla zabo, kungenjalo bayoba phakathi kwabaningi zigcwele nabathengisi imikhiqizo ejwayelekile. Ukuze zidonse ukunaka kwanoma umthengi, basuke nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha, olusha umkhiqizo uhla, eduze ubukele ezintsha kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe futhi eyisebenzisa izinqubo zabo zokukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze bakhonze izithakazelo nomkhiqizi - isicelo yenchubomgomo okunengqondo zokwabiwa kwezinsiza kusebenza yayo (impahla, umsebenzi, zezimali).

Ukutholakala izimo ezincintisanayo emakethe evumela abathengi ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo kahle kakhulu, ngempumelelo, ezikhangayo futhi engabizi.

izinhlobo mncintiswano

Lo mqondo obalulekile ngokuthi "umncintiswano", ihlanganisa inqwaba imigomo ecacile. Kukhona umncintiswano ngezigaba ngokusho criteria ahlukahlukene, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo:

• Naphakathi.
• Interbranch.
• Fair.
• Akanabo Ubulungisa.
• Intengo.
• Non-intengo.

Kusukela umbono we imikhawulo kukhona emakethe, kukhona umncintiswano khulula (okumsulwa, ephelele) futhi akaphelele. Landelayo kuyoba izici emakethe obusayo nemibandela mncintiswano ephelele.

Umnotho emakethe zokuncintisana

Ngokuthi mncintiswano ephelele, lapho emakethe linikeza abathengi abaningi kanye nabathengisi (abakhiqizi) ukuthi ngamunye nesikhundla ingxenye sasivumela elincane emakethe futhi kungenzeka azibekele izimo ukuthengisa noma ukuthenga imikhiqizo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-ephelele mncintiswano khulula kubhekwa kunalokho umqondo theory, okuyinto evamile emhlabeni wangempela (isibonelo, ezimakethe zamasheya iseduze kakhulu imodeli).

Lapho mncintiswano khulula mayelana intengo iyehla iyenyuka, isimo ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona, kanye nenkampani abakhiqizi futhi abathengi iba yomphakathi, ngisho ezingeni Interregional.

Esinye isici mncintiswano okumsulwa iba zamanani khulula. Lokho intengo wona hhayi umkhiqizi, kanye ukunikezela funa isilinganiso.

Izimpawu ephelele umncintiswano emakethe

Ukuze wahlulele isimo emakethe ethile kungenziwa, kokuba wafunda izici eziphawula uhlelo zokuncintisana:

1. nabathengisi eziningi (kanye abathengi) kukhona izinhlobo ezifanayo imikhiqizo (noma umthengi isithakazelo) futhi bayalingana amalungelo abo.
2. Azikho izithiyo engase inqande umhlanganyeli omusha ukungena emakethe.
3. Bonke abahlanganyeli emakethe ukufinyelela ulwazi olugcwele mayelana nomkhiqizo.
4. izimpahla ezazithengiswa kukhona eyohlobo futhi sihlukaniswe.
5. Ukungabikho kungenzeka usebenzisa izindlela ze-non-kwezomnotho kwethonya ingxenye eyodwa party kunomunye.
6. Ukukhiqizwa izici zinezikhathi ukuhamba.
7. zamanani Mahhala.
8. Ayitholwa (umdayisi eyodwa), monopsony (umthengi olulodwa) kanye nethonya esimweni kwi ukwakheka amanani kanye supply nemibandela funa.

Ukungabi bikho ngisho eyodwa yalezi zimpawu ayikwazi ukukhuluma ngalokho mncintiswano khulula (kuleli cala, it aluphelele). Ngakho ngenhloso ukususwa izici tekwakha ayitholwa kuholela ekuncintisaneni.

Umncintiswano ephelele kuhle emnothweni

khulula mncintiswano indlela ikuvumela ukudala izimo emakethe ekhethekile siyozuza abakhiqizi futhi abathengi womkhiqizo:

• Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi ezinye zezinqumo umuntu othize noma inhlangano kakhulu kungathinta okuphokophelwe oyifunayo. Buhle khona umncintiswano emakethe kuba depersonalization amakhambi ezinkinga zomnotho, njengoba kungekho ukuzibandakanya siqu yomqashi noma isikhulu sikahulumeni. Nokho, izithiyo okungenanzuzo ukuletha nezicelo uvuke play ukuncintisana emakethe amabutho.
• izimo mncintiswano khulula ebizela othile nenkululeko engenamingcele lokuzikhethela. Iyatholakala kunoma umhlanganyeli emakethe ithuba bakhetha endaweni kwesokudla umsebenzi okhokhelwayo, ukuze afeze izinto ezinhlelweni zokuthenga, ukuqhuba ibhizinisi. Okuvumelekile isinyathelo ngaphandle degree of talent, kanye nalokho usomabhizinisi uyakwazi buthelela inhlokodolobha kunesidingo.
• Inzuzo enkulu mncintiswano okumsulwa kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha kumiswa izimo kubakhiqizi futhi abathengi, lapho bobabili zingaphenduka onqobile.
  Izinto angene force ngenxa ngokulingene ka nezidingo kanye kumiswa yakhoibrium amanani. Lichaza ezingeni amanani, okuyinto unomthwalo Umbuso indawo abekelwe emaceleni kwezimpahla kumthengi, futhi uhambelana ezingeni izindleko zokukhiqiza.
• ne khulula umncintiswano emakethe kungenziwa ngokuthi somthetho zokukhiqiza kwezenhlalo, ngoba yenziwa itholakale nge eziningana imisebenzi bemvelo ethize kwezomnotho. Liqinisekisa khona izimo ukusetshenziswa elilungile kwenqubekela-phambili kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ezisetshenziswa imikhiqizo emisha (ukwethulwa amasu amasha kanye nobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa amasu ngcono ukuze inhlangano kanye nokuphathwa inqubo ukukhiqiza). Abahlanganyeli ubudlelwane emakethe kufanele ukujwayela futhi ulungise izidingo entsha izinga, ukubukeka kanye nezindleko.
• Inhloso yalo khulula uhlelo emakethe kuba isidingo somuntu oyinhloko. Ngenxa yalokhu, lonke umnotho ugxile amakhasimende kanye nezidingo zabo (zazo obonakaliswe ukudingeka kwezinsiza).
• Imakethe lapho umncintiswano ephelele (mahhala, ahlanzekile), libhekene ukwabiwa kwemithombo kungagcini: ukusetshenziswa kwazo lapho lokhu kungenziwa ngokuphumelelayo.

indzima yembuso ebuhlotsheni emakethe

Ngokusho osomnotho abaningi bayavuma ukuthi isakhiwo semakethe akakwazi ukunikeza izidingo bonke abanye abantu emphakathini, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukwethulwa kwesinye isikhungo onekhono ukuba sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo lo msebenzi. Lezi imisebenzi kucatshangwa nguhulumende. Ukuze kuvuselele esimweni kuthatha izinyathelo emakethe ezinye olawula ubudlelwane emakethe futhi umncintiswano futhi. Isenzo zomthetho eyinhloko zoMthetho Federal "Ngo Ukuvikelwa Ye-Competition", wo hlinzeka yenzelwa ngokuyinhloko ukudala izithiyo ekwakhekeni monopolies.

Okumbi kanye nokuncintisana

Ohlwini lezo nkinga ezinkulu imvelo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, okungakwazi ingaxazululwa ngokuthi emakethe, singakwazi uhlu okulandelayo:

• Ukungakwazi ukunikeza emnothweni kanye isabelomali esanele. Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni uhlela kwegazi yemali yezwe.
• Yokuntula ithuba ukuqinisekisa ezidingweni zomphakathi. Nokho, ukuncintisana Mahhala iwukuba ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zalabo letihambisana uwukubonakaliswa ngabanye bafune ukukhokhelwa, kufanele bacabangele nezinye (imigwaqo, amadamu, tekutfutsa tesive kanye nezinye izimpahla zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngekuhlanganyela).
• Akwanele nezimo engenayo distribution system. Mshini emakethe ubona njengoba nganoma yiluphi nje uhlobo imali etholwe emzabalazweni yokuncintisana. Nokho, akuthathi ku-akhawunti namaqembu omphakathi ezifana abakhubazekile, abahola impesheni, izakhamuzi abampofu nabakhubazekile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kokungenela kukahulumeni kanye ukuhanjiswa imali uye edingekayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ephelele ukusebenza umncintiswano emakethe akubandakanyi inhlonipho izinsiza ze-non-reproducible nokukhathalela mayelana nokuphepha kwabo. Ukuze ugweme Ukuwohloka nokusetshenziswa engasimeme amahlathi, izidubedube imithombo izinsiza zasemanzini, kanye ukugwema ukubhujiswa ezithile zezilwane nezitshalo, isimo uphoqelekile ukwethula imithetho elawula nemithetho. UMthetho Federal "Ngo Ukuvikelwa Ye-Competition" kuyinto ebalulekile kodwa akuyena yedwa, njengoba emakethe - sekuyinto isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, nomthethonqubo yayo kudinga ukucatshangelwa yezinto eziningi.