Isiko Archaeological Russian

isiko Archaeological iqoqo zobuciko ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu endaweni ethize nesikhathi. Igama ethola ngesisekelo izici ehlukile zokuhlobisa ukusetshenziswa endaweni inikezwe. Igama elithi "isiko" ngokwesayensi yemivubukulo kuhlukile kancane kusukela definition owamukelwa. It ingasetshenziswa kuphela uma okwatholakala ososayensi ukunikeza umqondo wokuthi hlobo luni lokuphila abantu babe okuyiminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa edlule.

Ingabe Ngubufakazi Bemivubukulo isiko Russian kuhlanganisa izigaba eziningana ukuthuthukiswa. Ngamunye wabo isuka komunye komunye. Sikhishwe yokuthi insimu yezwe kahle esikhulu, ngesikhathi esifanayo ke bangaphila izizwe okuqondene namasiko ehlukene, okuholela akulona zokuphila efanayo.

ekhulwini Culture srednekamennogo

into efana Mesolithic isiko abavubukuli, eqinisweni, lingekho. Ngalesi sikhathi Izizwe ihlukaniswe bodwa. Abantu bebelokhu bezama ukusinda, futhi kwakungekho umehluko indlela ababefakaza ngayo. Othile kancane kancane wabe ukulima umkhuba, umuntu baqhubeka yokuzingela, futhi abanye nezilwane ezinokuthula, setha ijubane kuya yesimanje isilwane ukunakekela. Nokho, kule nkathi yesikhathi akakwazi bahlale ngokugcwele, ngoba nguye yabeka isisekelo ukwakheka izizwe eziningi zaqala.

Kulesi sigaba, kwakukhona izinhlobo lokuqala amasiko bemivubukulo. Ososayensi futhi izazi zemivubukulo zikholelwa ukuthi kumele ahlukaniswe ekuseni kangaka. Kodwa ekuqaleni avulwa. Isizwe ngasinye kude nezihlobo zabo zangaphambili, wahlukaniselwa ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indlela yokuphila, i ohlangothini yobuhlanga mayelana nodaba noma, isibonelo, izindlela emathuneni okhokho asebafa. Kodwa esigabeni okukhulunywa noma kunjalo ayikwazi phansi, ngoba ngenxa yesifundo sakhe somuntu kuzosiza ukuphendula imibuzo ezihlobene okuvela kuyo izilimo okwalandela.

Tripolskaya impucuko

Tripolskaya isiko bemivubukulo sangomhla emuva Eneolithic (5-2 yeminyaka BC. E.). It wathola igama layo kusukela endaweni lapho ezikhumbuzo lokuqala atholakele. Kwathi edolobhaneni Trypillya.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-cishe ngekhulu le-18 kuya ensimini ka Romania, olwenziwa imivubukulo lapho isiko Cucuteni kwatholakala. igama layo futhi kuqeda emzaneni, eduze kwayo bathole ezazisetshenziswa kudala ezihlobene naso. Ekuqaleni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi lezi amasiko amabili kuhluke. Kwaze kwaba njengoba nje ososayensi kuqhathaniswa izinto ezitholakala kanye izikhumbuzo. Kwavela ukuthi kukutentsy futhi tripoltsy - nabantu abafanayo.

I zobuciko wathola baye bavumela ososayensi ukuba baphethe ngokuthi kubhekwe isiko bemivubukulo kwakuwumsebenzi wokuhumusha omkhulu kunayo ku insimu yase Russia naseYurophu, labantu bayo ngesikhathi isiqongo kudlulwe abantu abayizinkulungwane 15.

Kepha ukuphila kwalesi impucuko, kwathatha indawo ngendlela efanayo njengoba kwezinye izindawo ngesikhathi Stone Age. Ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi abantu baqala ukuhlola ubumba, manje hhayi kuphela isetshenziselwe izinjongo zasekhaya, kodwa futhi zokuhlobisa. Kusukela yathela Izithombe kanye neminye imikhiqizo zobumba.

dolmens

Dolmen isiko bemivubukulo akuyona ikakhulukazi nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni izizwe, etholakala kwi insimu yase Russia yesimanje. It wayedabuka India emhlabeni 10th yeminyaka BC. e., kodwa abantu baqala uhambo lwabo, kuse ecaleni lasentshonalanga kamuva kakhulu. Loku kwenteka nga-3 yeminyaka BC. e., dolmens ke ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Okokuqala ngaya ohlangothini eCaucasus, kwesibili - e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi e-Egypt. Ensimini ka Russia ngaleso sikhathi yayibuswa omunye impucuko, ngakho izizwe bakwazi kuphela umphelelisi nakumasiko. Ngokuqondene nentuthuko eGibhithe, lokhu lapho sakwazi usuvulekile.

Igama lalesi isiko bemivubukulo eyatholakala kusukela ulimi Breton, futhi lisho "etafuleni itshe". Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umthelela wabo endaweni Slavic wayengekho omkhulu, emakamu elikhulu izikhumbuzo etholakala eduze nogu Black Sea e-Krasnodar esifundeni. Kungenzeka ukuthi amanye amasayithi babengaxoxi nhlobo esiphila kuze kube namuhla.

Ngo dolmens atholakele ngokuchichima imikhiqizo itshe neyethusi, lezi zinto ezisetshenziswa hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa ukukhiqizwa amathuluzi nokuzingela, kodwa futhi nezinto zokuhloba. Abaningi babo eziye zatholakala ngqo ngcwaba. Bona, ngenhlanhla ngokuthi dolmens futhi, njengoba bayizizwe ezilitshumi. Lezi zokungcwaba zazifana imibhoshongo baseGibhithe. Abacwaningi abaningi bayavuma ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye dolmens kwakhiwa ezenkolo noma izinhloso zamasiko, hhayi emngcwabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izakhiwo ngokwabo ngokuvamile aba yobudala nezosuku ezitholakala izinsalela zabo. Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuthi impucuko dolmen yabeka isisekelo nje kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe, okuyinto ezigcinwe futhi ebatshazwa kakhulu ngabaningi kuze kube yilolu suku.

Catacomb isiko

Catacomb isiko okutheni wafika endaweni lwamaSlavic empumalanga, elaqala ukutholwa ekhulwini le-19. ukuvela zezimbali zayo usuku kusukela enkathini yokuqala wethusi. Eminye imithombo zithi ukubonakala izizwe zakwa catacomb ngokuvamile igxile Ubudala yethusi. Ngelilodwa nje, ukuze ucacise usuku oluqondile isiko kuze kube manje kuhlulekile.

Izizwe ungazange usuthuthuke nangale kwemingcele European, ngakho umthelela wabo ukuthuthukiswa impucuko angomakhelwane amane akhe phezulu. Igama lalesi isiko bemivubukulo etholwe indlela yokungcwaba, eyayintula omningi umehluko. Ngokwesibonelo, uma siqhathanisa izizwe catacomb futhi yamnye ke ukungcwatshwa zokugcina yayanele bambe umgodi encane. I ukungcwatshwa wokuqala ukujula wawusegunjini ezingeni 3-5 amamitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi izindunduma ngokuvamile babe amagatsha amaningana, bahamba ekujuleni izinhlangothi noma nje. Kukholakala ukuthi kulezi catacombs bangcwatshwa noma abantu owodwa noma izikhundla ezifanayo noma isimo.

Ingungu yensimbi ekhaliswayo ngokushaywa catacomb ezihlukahlukene futhi pretty okuningi. Okokuqala, cishe akazange abe phansi flat. Nokho, lokhu zingachazwa ngezinqubo yokuthi izizwe ayikakalweseki ukuqonda konke kube lula ukukhiqiza, noma bengenayo amathuba anjalo. Okwesibili, zonke izitsha kwadingeka simise ezimfushane. Ngisho noma eyolanda imbiza-ke, ukuphakama kwawo - lincane kakhulu. Kwakunesidingo futhi umhlobiso lasekuqaleni. Njengazo zonke izizwe sikhathi, kwenziwa ngosizo intambo okuvelayo. Ihlobe kuphela engxenyeni engenhla umkhiqizo.

Izibhamu wenza ngokuyinhloko silicon. Lokhu kwaziswa lalisetshenziswa ukukhiqizwa arrowheads, imimese, imimese nokunye. Ezinye ngezisebenzi e izizwe esetshenziswa izinkuni ukukhiqizwa zobumba. Bronze isetshenziswa kuphela ukukhiqizwa ubucwebe.

Isiko Russian we Bronze Age

Ngeshwa, isiko bemivubukulo we Bronze Age eRussia behluleka ukufinyelela intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa jikelele awanakuziziba isikhathi esikalini. Le nkinga yaqala 4-3 yeminyaka BC. e. AmaRashiya ngaleso sikhathi wahlanganyela ukulima. Ngokwezinga elikhulu ubuswa ukwelashwa ihlathi, kodwa kancane kancane abantu basungula ukutshala izwe ngaphansi evundile.

Kukhona gxuma elincane ukwakhiwa kwezindlu. Uma nemizana ngaphambili esakhiwe ukwakhiwa izindlu kuphela ezigodini, kodwa manje bavame ukuthuthela emagqumeni. Futhi siqala oluqinisayo bakudala zezakhiwo.

Early Bronze Age isiko bemivubukulo kuyahluka Maikop zokuhlala. Kamuva ihlukaniswe izakhiwo eziningana ezahlukene. Yakhula kakhulu ku ezifundeni ezinabantu kukhona isidumbu kanye namasiko Andronovo.

Maikop isiko

Maikopskaya isiko bemivubukulo sihlehlela ekuseni zethusi ngeminyaka, yayikhona 3rd yeminyaka BC. e. eNorth Caucasus. Amatshe ezikhumbuzo wathola ngabanye nasezintweni ezazisetshenziswa kudala, singaphetha ngokuthi labantu eyingoduso izinkomo zizalela kanye nezolimo. Isiko ludabuka ezindaweni enyakatho-ntshonalanga bese maphakathi eCaucasus. Isici esiphawulekayo izizwe kuyinto zakudala ekukhiqizeni amathuluzi kanye nezimpahla zasendlini. Nokho, naphezu ukubukeka ephelelwe yisikhathi wale mikhiqizo, impucuko kancane kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuba neze kunabayeni lonke yesimanje esengeziwe ukuthi amathuluzi isikhathi.

Futhi, sibonga imivubukulo, singaphetha ngokuthi lo Maikop isiko bemivubukulo at isiqongo salo akazange agcine bakuyiphi indawo kuphela North eCaucasus. Kukhona iminonjana kuyo Chechnya, eNhlonhlweni Taman, kuze Dagestan futhi Georgia. By endleleni, phezu imingcele lezi ezindaweni amasiko ezimbili ezihlukene (Kura-Araxes futhi Maikop) atholakala, kukhona kunokubhanqanisa kubo. Ngaphambi okutholakele umngcele, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi isigaba okukhulunywa zenzeka ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Futhi ngenkathi incazelo enengqondo ngokuphathelene kuhlangana amasiko akuyona.

isidumbu isiko

Isidumbu isiko bemivubukulo th sangomhla 2-1 zeminyaka BC. e. Insimu izizwe kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso ezibanzi kunalokho, embula endaweni Dnieper ukuba Urals, kusukela Kama kuya ogwini Black futhi iCaspian iziLwandle. It wathola igama layo ngenxa yobuningi lwamakholi izakhiwo. Akazange ahlale ngaphandle ukunakwa kanye nokwenza amalungiselelo omngcwabo zindlela, + zokungcwaba, ngenhla ngokuvamile esakhiwe lwamakholi apholile.

nemizana tribal atholiwe ngqo eceleni komfula, ngokuvamile masimu capes. Ngokuvamile basuke eziqinile oluningi emiseleni okuvimbezela. Asazi ukuqinisa isakhiwo, kodwa nge ezinhle Ukuvikelwa zangaphandle ukuthi akazange okudingeka ukwenze. Njengoba kushiwo, zonke izakhiwo zazenziwe ngokhuni, ngezinye izikhathi eyayihambisana ukwakhiwa Izingxube nobumba.

Isidumbu isiko bemivubukulo wama phandle, njengabanye abaningi, ngo izindlela lokungcwatshwa. Ngokungafani ezazingaphambi kwayo, izizwe bathatha ohlongakeleko, amathuna mass ezingajwayelekile kakhulu. Nemingcwabo amaqembu endaweni eyodwa ngoba 10-15 embankments. Kukhona sici nobuntu indawo efile - ohlangothini lwakhe, ikhanda ukuya ohlangothini olusenyakatho. Ezinye nemingcwabo zihlanganisa sebefile efile futhi ahlahlelwe. Lokhu kungaba noma abaholi bendabuko noma izigilamkhuba.

Esikhathini obukhulu Cookware flat-bottomed esetshenziswa ngenkathi isidumbu isiko. Ekuqaleni ke wazama ukuhlobisa nomhlobiso. Kamuva wenza amakhanzi evamile noma iziqukathi. Uma kwakuba khona iphethini, kwaba bushelelezi noma toothed. Isici esivamile kunoma iyiphi izitsha zokuhlobisa - the predominance amafomu weJiyomethri. Angibibonakali izimpawu eziyinqaba, okuyinto abacwaningi abaningi bathi ukulotshwa lasekuqaleni.

Ekuqaleni, zonke izibhamu zazenziwe Flint neyethusi kodwa esikhathini ngasekupheleni kugujwa yensimbi kwalokho. Imisebenzi yezomnotho kwaba izinkomo, kodwa ezolimo kwande.

Andronovo isiko

Andronovo isiko bemivubukulo isusela igama layo endaweni lapho okwatholakala lokuqala okuhlobene nakho zitholakele. Zazihlehlela le nkathi 2-1 yeminyaka BC. e. Izizwe ehlala eduze emzaneni yesimanje ye Andronovo (Krasnoyarsk Territory).

Isici esiphawulekayo isiko ubhekwa izinkomo. Abantu imvu ezifuywa, amhlophe-stockinged, amahhashi eziqinile izinkunzi heavyweights. Ngalezi izilwane, yakwazi ukwakha ngokushesha. Ezinye izazi zisikisela ukuthi Androns waya India wabeka ekuqaleni impucuko wakhe siqu.

Androns ekuqaleni wahlala esifundeni esise-Ural, base eSiberia, lapho ezinye zazo baqhubeka nohambo lwabo isiqondiso Kazakhstan. Kuze kube manje, naphezu kwengcebo okwatholwa ahlukahlukene ngabanye nasezintweni ezazisetshenziswa kudala, abacwaningi akakwazi ukunquma ukuthi kungani izizwe wanquma enjalo kufuduka emikhulu.

Uma siqhathanisa zonke isiko bemivubukulo Russia abahlala emuva ngeNkathi Yethusi Age, kuba Androns babe ukulwa kakhulu. Badale inqola ayikwazanga ushaye at amasosha noma ngisho nemizana agcwele ngokushesha kunanoma ubani omunye. Kwaba Cishe lokhu kuchaza ukuthuthelwa, ngoba ekuphishekeleni bezama ukuthola phansi ngokunethezeka impilo engcono. Futhi uma kufanele - futhi ngizuze abaJuda.

Pit Culture Grave

Ekupheleni emuva ngeNkathi Yethusi Age kuziwa phakathi force Yamnaya isiko bemivubukulo. Ensimini ka Russia Okubukwe izizwe ozayo evela empumalanga, futhi sici yaso eyingqayizivele - i izinkomo ekuseni. Abantu abaningi sebeqala ukuthuthukisa nezolimo, ezifana ngokushesha iyiswe ukufuya izilwane. Igama isiko kwakubangelwa imigodi ecabangela ukungcwatshwa kwami. Kwakumelwe elula bakudala, kodwa zabo futhi ovelele.

Kuleli qophelo Yamnaya isiko bemivubukulo iyona okucwaningwa ngawo kakhulu. Imibhoshongo esisogwini eziqongweni ithafa, bazama ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ususe kusukela emfuleni. Kungenzeka ukuthi uma isiphetho wawudla izindwali ngesikhathi izikhukhula, ngakho abantu baye baba esinembile. Akuvamile Kutholwe yokungcwaba ngqo eduze nemifula. Zonke amathuna zafakwa eduze Yiqiniso, babehlangana ngamaqembu amancane (mayelana 5 nokufa). Ibanga kusuka endaweni eyodwa okungcwatshwa kuyo kwenye kungaba zihluke kakhulu, kusuka ngamamitha 50 500.

Ingungu yensimbi ekhaliswayo ngokushaywa yamnye izizwe ngebumba. Njengasekhulwini inkathi edlule, kwaba izitsha flat-bottomed letingemasayizi lahlukene. Kwakukhona amphorae omkhulu, okuyinto okuthiwa wawugcina okusanhlamvu kanye uketshezi, kanye amabhodwe ezincane. ku izitsha nomhlobiso isicelo ngezintambo eqinile, futhi esiqala yawo kwakuyilawa lonke lokubhalela.

Ikhiqizwa arrowheads insengetsha, izimbazo namanye amathuluzi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imbobo owawugujwe indoda ngesandla wadala kulungiselelwa bakudala ngoba imishini, ezinesisindo phansi ngosizo amatshe, uma umhlaba babuqinile.

Izizwe asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni bokhuni ke benza kuhle eyinkimbinkimbi ukuze uhlaka lwayo isikhathi. Kwakuyisikhathi uhlaka, sleds, izikebhe nezinqola ezincane.

Ocwaningweni, bonke abacwaningi baye baqaphela isiko ungubani emgodini izizwe sengqondo nesibopho ngezidumbu, ngakho aba nomthelela ngendaba kodwa cabanga nangezilaleli hhayi kuphela izindinganiso ezingokomoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zizwe enwetshiwe ithonya labo ukuze nemizana engomakhelwane.

Kungenzeka ukuthi le nqola ekuqaleni wenziwa hhayi ngezinjongo nolaka. Androns ngoba, njengamanye amasiko amaningi, babe pastoralists, imishini enjalo bakudala okwakulindeleke ukuba ubasize izilwane ziklabe khona. Kamuva izizwe wathola izinqola umkhiqizo emkhakheni lempi, kuka ngokushesha zakala.

Imenkov isiko

Imenkov isiko bemivubukulo kuhlehlela emuva ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi (4-7 ekhulwini th). Laliqhele ensimini ka yesimanje Tatarstan, Samara futhi Ulyanovsk izifunda. Futhi, kukhona link zofuzo nezinye amasiko, okwakusendlini komakhelwane.

Uma insimu ka isiko wafika Bulgars, iningi Imenkovs waya entshonalanga. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile base bethuthela esigabeni esisha yentuthuko - okuqalwe Volyntsevo abantu. Ingxenye elandelayo yaleli exutshwe sabantu, futhi ekugcineni salahlekelwa zonke ekuqongeleleni emasiko abo nolwazi.

Imenkov isiko bemivubukulo akaconsi ekuthuthukiseni abantu Slavic. Kuthathwa izizwe okokuqala waqala ukuqhuba ukulima igeja. Kule nqubo babesebenzisa amageja bakudala, eyayibonakala ferrules isilungisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-inqubo ebutha Imenkovs sokuvuna futhi wasebenzisa zanamuhla leyo amathuluzi isikhathi - yensimbi amasikela futhi abukhali. Isitoreji yokusanhlamvu ngamakhasimende ngase emgodini bemba-e Pantry, lifana zewayini yesimanje. Ukugaya sokuvuna senzeka esigayweni kule nguqulo manual.

U-Imenkovtsy wakha ngokushesha hhayi kuphela ezizweni zawo. Babe nama-workshops, lapho izinsimbi zamaminerali zanyuka khona, amanye amakamelo ayehloselwe ikakhulukazi abadwebi. Bangakwazi ukukhiqiza izitsha, amathiphu okulima noma, isibonelo, izigulane. Izizwe zinefuthe elihle emadolobheni angomakhelwane, zinikezela ulwazi, ubuciko, ezolimo kanye nokuzalisa izinkomo. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukunganaki ifa lezamasiko lika-Imenkov hhayi kuphela eRussia, kodwa futhi namazwe angomakhelwane.

Kubonakala sengathi amasiko amaningi okuvubukulwa amaSlav afika ensimini yeRussia yanamuhla kusukela empumalanga noma entshonalanga. Esikhathini sokuqala, abantu bafunda amafomu amasha nezici zokulima, bazi kahle amakhono okuzalisa izinkomo. Izizwe zaseNtshonalanga zasiza ekuthuthukiseni izikhali zokuzingela nokulwa nezimoto. Enye into eqinisekile - zonke iziko ezintsha zenze umthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni kwengqondo kwazo zonke izizwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezintsha ezinikezile.