Kuvukela Bashkir. Bashkir kuvukela 1705-1711: izimbangela, imiphumela

Bashkir kuvukela zeminyaka 1705-1711 zashiya izibazi emlandweni Russia. Nkathi hhayi ngokubanzi kakhulu embozwe. Ngaphansi kwesimo Elikhulu Northern neMpi futhi izinguquko kaPetru kwemibhikisho ngokuvamile uvezwa izazi-mlando ngokuqhubekayo izinkinga ezincane yasekhaya.

esikhundleni isingeniso

Gone abangobhongoza, wavusa Bashkir ukuhlubuka. Abahlanganyeli kulezi zenzakalo alisho imisebenzi yobuciko ngokuphambene, isibonelo, ongumlimi kuvukela ka Pugachev. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umlando izizwe ukuthi zifakwe Empire isiRashiya, futhi baba nomlando wayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le ndawo imingcele, ulimi namasiko Bashkirs esikhathini esidlule ezahlukene kusukela namhlanje. Ngaphambi echaza Bashkir nokuvukela kwekhulu nesishiyagalombili, sihlole kafushane umlando khona kwalesi sizwe.

zolwazi lwendawo

Okungenzeka okhokho Bashkirs yisho emibhalweni yakhe uHerodotus lukaPtolemy. Kukholakala ukuthi indawo abahlala eKosovo - ke asemaqeleni of Urals Southern. imithombo Arab nekhulu lesishiyagalolunye ngqo uyakufakazela lokhu. Ngokusho Ibn Sicela, Bashkirs --Turks ophilayo emithambekeni aseningizimu Urals, hlala endaweni enkulu kuya iVolga, omakhelwane babo kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga kukhona Pechenegs entshonalanga - the Bulgars, eningizimu - Oguz.

Sharif Idrisi, isazi sokuma kwezwe kwekhulu weshumi nambili, kubika ukuthi Bashkirs bazinzile umsuka Kama futhi Urals. Wakhuluma komnikazi esikhulu esagcina sele sibizwa Nemzhan elise sifinyelela ongenhla emfuleni lika (mhlawumbe Yaik noma Ural). Bashkirs babehilelekile zethusi sokuncibilikisa, yezimayini impungushe-beaver uboya, amatshe ayigugu. I gurkhan emzini, enyakatho ingxenye emfuleni Agidel, Bashkirs benziwa imihlobiso, lifake izikhali.

Umsuka wegama kubantu

Imithombo abonisa ukuthi sekuyisikhathi eside Bashkirs ahlala Yuzhnyy Ural. Kwaphela isikhathi eside base abantu eziningi kakhulu kule ndawo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa on lapho wafika Bashkir Yuzhnyy Ural kanjani kwamiswa ulimi lwabo olulodwa, akwaziwa. Iqiniso ukuthi zingabantu ezingeni ezifana ongaphakeme yentuthuko ukuthi awusenalo iminonjana ecacile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ezweni lalihlala eziningi zakwa Ugric eyayinawo ukucutshungulwa yokubukisa metal kanye nezinye yezandla. Ubufakazi kokuhlala kwawo izindunduma nezinye imivubukulo.

Okuningi noma okuncane ecacile umqondo we Bashkir abantu uvele kuphela ekhulwini 16-17. Ekuqaleni, bahlakazekela kwamaqembu ezinhlanga. Ngemva kwalokho, wabona la maqoqo kwakhiwa ngomehluko omkhulu e isiko. Ngokusho kwenye version, Bashkirs wafika Yuzhnyy Ural kusukela ukucindezeleka Ural, ngakolunye - kuyinto iqembu sezizwe zakwa Finno-Ugric, usebhekene Turkization eside. Le nguqulo yesithathu nenembe kakhulu wukuthi Bashkirs - kukhona izinsalela izizwe ayimizulane ngubani kwi ngendlela okunethezekile zokuphila. Okukhulu yokuphila ushintsho nomthelela ukunyamalala ezinye amasiko futhi esikhundleni sawo kwabanye. Ngesikhathi ushintsho pastoralism ayohlala semi ayimizulane iphutha esikhathini kusuka th 17 kuya 19 leminyaka th. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenkuthalo ukuhlola Yuzhnyy Ural Russian. Ngakho, amasiko we Bashkirs kwathathelwa indawo Russian futhi Finno-Ugric. Bashkirs abebezingela nokulima. Ingxenye isiko wendabuko lulahlekile. Ukwenziwa kwamakoloni wabantu kwakuhunyushwa elithambile, njengoba abaningi ulondoloze indlela yokuphila ayimizulane. namahemuhemu ophoqelelwe lobuKristu Bashkirs kuphela acasuka.

ukubandakanya ngokolimi

ulimi Bashkirsky kungokwalabo Kypchak iVolga-iqeqebana kufakwe Qypchaq iqembu legatsha Turk izilimi yama-Altaic. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezigodi: eningizimu, empumalanga, enyakatho-ntshonalanga. Ezikhathini zasendulo, Bashkirs babebhala Turkic Runic, ngesikhathi kumiswa Islam - zamagama Arabic. Kwenziwa umzamo ukuhumusha ulimi ezivamile, okwamanje ku Bashkir zamagama ezincwadi Russian amathathu nantathu, anesithoba zimise ezengeziwe imisindo ethize.

inkolo

Ngokwe-Arabhu wasendulo, Bashkirs babe izinkolelo ekuqaleni yobuqaba. izizwe asendulo ayekhulekela onkulunkulu nambili, amasosha babezibheka izilwane zasendle. Ngokusobala, inkolo lasendulo lalifana nemimoya. Inkathi ukuchaza abantu Urals mlando Arab kuvumelana ekuqaleni lapho kwemukelwa Islam Bashkirs. Bashkirs ekumeleleni ilungelo ukuzijayeza Islam kuholele olunegazi, ukuhlubuka elimazayo.

Ukujoyina Russia

Emakhulwini eminyaka th 13-14, le Bashkirs bebayincenye Golden zidlamlilo. Ngemva kokuwa yayo sizwe sahlukana ngokwendawo. Bashkirs Western futhi enyakatho ntshonalanga babe ngaphansi kwegunya le-Kazan Khanate. Inani labantu base-ngumgogodla, eningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe Bashkiria kwaba ngaphansi kokubusa the Nogay zidlamlilo. Zauralskaya kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Khanate laseSiberia. Phakathi nokubusa Ivana Groznogo Bashkirs zonke Khanate wayethatha yisakhamuzi eMoscow.

izimo ukwamukelwa ezanquma Bashkir ukuhlubuka. Kwathi emveni kokuba njalo ukuthunjwa Kazan. Okufakiwe wawungowokuzithandela, lula ukwelashwa kwe-Tsar Russian kuya Bashkirs. Ivan Grozny wenza ezivuna engakaze ibonwe kuya Bashkirs, ebanikeza ilungelo patrimonial emhlabathini, olondolozela Islam kanye nohulumeni basekhaya.

Umlando yokuvukela

Umzamo okwengeziwe uphazamise Manifesto iye yabangela ukunganeliseki elalizobhubhisa ingxenye abantu Bashkiria. Ngemva ukubusa esihlalweni sobukhosi emazweni Romanovs Bashkir waqala ngenkuthalo ukusabalalisa bamazwe, ephula ilungelo patrimonial abantu babe nomhlaba. Uthuli sokuqala senzeke ngo 1645. Okulandelayo Bashkir ukuvukela kwakuqale khona kusukela 1662 kuya 1664, 1681 kuya 1684, kusukela 1704 at 1711 (1725) ngonyaka. Omude kunayo yonke owake isikhathi ukusebenza lihlotshaniswa ngomzamo ngisiphule Islam. Zonke Bashkir kuvukela ilethe izinkinga esimweni Russian kanye nokuthuthukiswa eyinkimbinkimbi yama mazwe amasha. SoBukhosi waphinda ukuqinisekisile patrimonial kwesokudla Bashkir futhi athola amalungelo entsha ukubuyisana.

kokubhikisha kwango Bashkir zeminyaka 1705-1711

Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, lelo tulo emenza namahemuhemu ukuvinjelwa inkolo Muslim, ngakolunye - ekuthatheni emazweni patrimonial nezintela ukhulisa. Ngo-August 1704 e Bashkiria efika Dohov abaqoqi bentela futhi Zhiharev Sergeev. Bamemezela isimemezelo entsha kahulumeni. Kwamenyezelwa ukwethulwa intela mosque, mullahs nendlu ebandleni yokukhulekela. Amathempeli sekuzokwakhiwa ku model of sesonto lobu-Orthodox, emathuneni eduze isonto ukuhlela, balondoloze amarekhodi amalungu esonto futhi ukubhaliswa kwemishado sokufa, ukuze uyibambe khona labapristi bama-Orthodox. Zonke lezi ezintsha babebhekwa njengabantu belungiselela kuvinjelwe inkolo Muslim.

Phakathi Omkhulu Northern neMpi, kudingeka izinto abanazo, nangesikhathi Bashkirs yafuna eyengeziwe 200 000 amahhashi futhi amasosha 4,000. isimemezelo Ubude silethwe nabathelisi, iqukethe izintela entsha 72. Ikakhulukazi, intela laqanjwa ku wamehlo. Bashkir ukwazi eziphikisayo futhi wafuna ukuba bazihlukanise ukungena ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey. Kwemibhikisho sokuqala senzeka ngaphansi kobuholi Aldara futhi Kuzyuk.

Ngu 1708 Bashkirs Samara, Saratov, Astrakhan Vyatka, Tobolsk, Kazan uthunjiwe. Ukuvukela kuphela kungagcini, kodwa kuphela yokuvimbela 1711 sokugcina. State "pribytchiki" - abathelisi Dohov, Sergeev futhi Zhiharev - balahlwa yicala futhi wajeziswa ngenca iqoqo izintela ezingekho emthethweni futhi wamisa umthetho esingalindelekile. Ngakho izimbangela sekususiwe kuvukela Bashkir 1705-1711 GG. Naphezu ukuthula esungulwe kuphela 1725 Bashkirs futhi no afunge allegiance Umbusi waseRussia. Imiphumela Bashkir ukuvukela ledvumatako. Killing eziningi Russian futhi Bashkir, ukunganeliseki is usalulondolozile.

Uyokwanelisa isifiso sabo abantu lekutimela akusho abohle emva tsarist ezivuna uhulumeni, kodwa kwavela enye kuvukela kwakungasho ngokushesha. Ngaphandle kokukhetha, kwemibhikisho bevinjelwa, futhi abangobhongoza abangu bajeziswe kanzima.

izigaba kuvukela

Ake sibone ukuthi bahlakulele Bashkir ukuhlubuka. Ithebula elingezansi sibonisa izinyathelo nemicimbi.

kokunqotshwa

Izizathu kokunqotshwa kwavukelwa Bashkir eziningi. Iziqephu kwamaqembu ezinhlanga indlela yabo semi ayimizulane ka ukuphila kwakunjani ukuze kuzuze amabutho wenkosi, futhi ngokumelene nawo. Catch futhi abhubhise encane amabutho abavukeli abakhwele amahhashi, ukuze bazivikele nemizana Russian kwakunzima kakhulu. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, lezi zihlubuki, ngaphandle yinye eqinile isinyathelo ngokwehlukile. Izinjongo namaqembu - kusukela ukuphanga banal ukudala geqe. Bashkirs babe kahle ahlomile, akabanga izinqaba abakwazanga ukuqhuba iJerusalema livinjezelwe. Uzihlule zichazwe usebenzisa abantu balapha, ukuphakama eyethusayo izinombolo kanye into engalindelekile. Izizathu kokunqotshwa kwavukelwa Bashkir futhi amanga ukungakwazi ukuxoxisana, okuqhubekayo internecine umzabalazo yezinqumo zezombusazwe abangobhongoza.

Kugcine Bashkir kuvukela

Zama Landelayo ukukhulisa Bashkir ukuhlubuka kwaba olunegazi nakakhulu. Izizathu Bashkir kuvukela afana nalawa odlule. Distribution komhlaba ukukhonza patrimonial abantu wahola ukuvukela lalolo hlanga. Phakathi Bashkirs kuvukela wakhethwa umbusi ayo - Sultan Giray. Ngenxa "iqiniso" Russian Bashkir kuvukela ngafa olwembiza. kokubhikisha kwango Bashkir iminyaka 1735-1740 kwabulala oyedwa ezine Bashkir.

Ngo 1755 iminyaka -1756, sibambe izithelo ukunqoba, uMbuso Russian linquma ukukhokha le mali Bashkirs ebuKristwini. Breaks igagasi elisha ukuhlubuka. Abavukeli azange abe nobunye, ngaphansi kwengcindezi amabutho isiRashiya, abaningi babo zishiywe Kazakh emaqeleni. Elizabeth II yaphela uhlangothi lwazo iVolga AmaTatar, nezihlubuki bahlulwa futhi.

Eminyakeni 1835-1840 ngokuqondene amahemuhemu mayelana ushintsho Bashkir abalimi kuvukela ongumlimi Kwagqashuka ngaphansi serfdom kulendawo. It nengxenye ingqikithi abantu mayelana 3,000. Abalimi ayikwazanga amabutho wenqaba anqotshwa. Uma usuqedile le Bashkir ukuhlubuka. Serfdom eRussia ziyancipha, futhi umhlaba patrimonial ayisekho icindezelwa. Ukuthuthukisa yokukhiqiza kanye resource isizinda, okuyinto kahle kuthinte nakwezomnotho wesifunda.