Kings of Portugal: Umlando

Kings of Portugal uhlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu ayisikhombisa. Baye kwakufanele nomthelela ku inqubo zomlando e-Europe kanye emhlabeni wonke. Ngesikhathi ukuphakama amandla Portugal wayengomunye walaba amandla ezinethonya kunazo. Amakhosi amaningi beye bahileleka ezinhlekeleleni impilo zezombusazwe eminye imibuso yaseYurophu, ngenxa intertwining eduze amakhosi.

Umlando Nesizinda Sakhe

Amakhosi Portugal baka ezikhathini zasendulo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalombili, yamaVisigoth imfundo lokuqala ozimele eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia Kwamiswa. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi-ke iqala ukunwetshwa Saracens oya ezwekazini. Ngaleso sikhathi, base athishela kakhulu futhi athuthukile ukwedlula izizwe zihlakazeke. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini kwetfulwe esifushane bakwazi ukuba luthathe cishe lonke nhlonhlo. Ukuphendula ayehlasela amaMoor engxenyeni esentshonalanga naseningizimu LobuKristu Reconquista yeYurophu unesibopho. Iqala ezindaweni otvoovyvanie. Le mpi ngeke siqhubeke amakhulu eminyaka. Ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye, cishe ngasemngceleni ophakathi emhlabeni yobuKristu kanye Emirates, uMbuso Leon kudala esifundazweni sakubo.

County Okokuqala Portuguese ephethwe Vimara nguPereshe. Lokhu imfundo yomphakathi kubhekwa sibonelo wokuqala Portugal yesimanje. Ibala Leon balalela, futhi uncome ezikhonza ngaphansi kwakhe. Ngenxa yokuthi isondele kakhulu lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona impi, County ubelokhu esibandakanyeka Reconquista. Belingana Spain, kwakukhona isibalo esiphezulu Knights esuka eYurophu. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba Zokholo wokuqala, lapha beza izifiki ezivela kuwo wonke zwekazi. Knights abaningi, owafika nabasizi bakhe ngenxa yempi ngokumelene Saracens, ekugcineni ixazululwe. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalolunye, wavukela njalo emelene kuhulumeni. Ukuvukela cishe njalo osekelwa County isiPutukezi.

Ngenxa yalokho, County wesibili kakhulu ekwandiseni endaweni yayo eningizimu. Genrih Burgundsky, wathola izwe amasevisi kuya okhakhayini, kuyandisa kakhulu umthelela County. It kancane zidla nezinye indawo ngaphansi kwesizwe. Futhi ngokushesha Kwathi amandla nenkosi yokuqala yakwa-Portugal - Afonso.

Ukuthola uzibuse

Inkosi yakwa-Castile wathumela ibutho elikhulu kuya eningizimu. Washayela kwi French ukusiza ekudingisweni amaMoor. Omunye Knights - noHenry Burgundy - banikezwe umhlaba akwenze ngasemngceleni. Lapho, wazala indodana Afonso. Ngesikhathi lokuzalwa kwakhe, uHenry kwakuyinqubo okwase kuyiminyaka umbuso Ukubala isiPutukezi. Lo mfana wathatha isiqu esithi ngemva kokushona kukayise. Nokho, umbuso wakhe Mat Tereza. Afonso eyingoduso ekukhuliseni uMbhishobhi Braga. Wakwenza nge uhlelo olubhekela. Ukuqonda izinguquko kule nhlonhlo, wayehlose ukubeka Earl abasha kokuphikiswa kwaholela unina.

Ngemva kwenkulumo evulekile, kusho u-Archbishop futhi indlalifa isihloko nanye zixoshwa ezweni. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-basuke ababehlala kwamanye amazwe. Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu bathola nabangane babo kanye izindlela ukubuyela. Ngezinye nane Afonso iba knight, futhi uzoqala County. Iqala impi yokulwa unina. Afonso ukwesekwa Knights izinduna zendawo. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ohlangothini Teresa uthola selikhonza - King of Castile.

Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, kukhona senguquko impi. Ibutho Prince uwina at Guimaraes. Umama isiboshwa sika uthola ojenene owake ethunyelwe ephathelene nokuphatha izindela. Manje amandla ePortugal bagxila ezandleni efanayo. Nokho, kokunqoba okuningi kwaba ukuxoshwa Alfonso Seventh. De empeleni waba zokuhambisana labhujiswa. inkosi yokuqala Portugal yenyuka okwakufanele abe inkosi. Nokho, ngenxa ukuzimela egcwele yokubusa kwamakhosi nezinye sobukhosi sobupapa kwakufanele baqaphele ukuthi inkosi entsha.

Ukulwela ukukhipha ukuqashelwa

Inqubo ukuqashelwa ngenkathi ephakathi eYurophu kwaba kubenzima. Ngempela, endabeni asungula oxhumana nenkosi yokugcina yosuku kungaba nezinkinga nge ngaphansi kwesizwe yayo yangaphambili. Omunye izikhungo enamandla kakhulu ukunquma semthethweni, kwaba iVatican. Kwamukelwa kwetinkhantolo uPapa ngabe ukuqinisekisa ukwesekwa kwamazwe aseYurophu. Ngakho-ke, kulo Portugal saqala ukwakha ibandla ngezithukuthuku yengcebo. abameleli kapapa wathola imivuzo emikhulu. Futhi, inkosi wanquma ekugcineni ukubhekana ne Saracens eningizimu. Inani zokunqoba ezinkulu avunyelwe ukwenqaba abahlaseli we Tagus. Ngemva kwalokho, ihhovisi lamanxusa eRoma wamuka sobukhosi. Ngalesi sikhathi, uhlose ukubuyela ensimini ukuba izwe ihlaselwe umbusi Alfonso. Inkosi yasePortugal uya kwezempi ukunikeza wenqaba juqu. Kodwa Castile ocebile uyaqhubeka ukuba ayokulwa ngezithukuthuku Amasosha.

Umphumela emhlabeni futhi obonwa King Afonso, kodwa namanje ngaphansi kokubusa Spanish. Ngemva kokufa zombusi iqala impi entsha. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Portuguese athathe isinyathelo kuqala futhi abahlasele Galicia. Nokho, waqale waphumelela negated ngu ukuthunjwa Afonso. Njengoba inkosi self-wamemezela wesikhathi kwaba uyisihluthulelo isimo, yayisetshenziswa njengomuzi wokuphumula sihlengo indawo yanqotshwa. Ngenxa yalokho, umbuso Leon ngaphandle kokulwa bajoyine izifunda eziningana. Nokho, Afonso ukubheja esontweni ukudlalwa. Kokunye namashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalolunye kanye ngonyaka lopapa ekuqaphela kutimela Portugal. Pope egameni ezandleni zeNkosi ilungelo imikhankaso ngokumelene Saracens. Lo mcimbi ingenye eyisisekelo kunazo zonke emlandweni yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. Kepha kusukela kulolu suku wawuzoqala nini ukubusa le Inkosi yasePortugal. Afonso namanje isikhathi iqhaza ngezimpi eziningana. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-ayisikhombisa, yena ngempumelelo ephethwe intuthuko Santarem lokuvimbezela. Ukufa kwakhe isililo kazwelonke yangempela. Ubani inkosi yokuqala lihlonishwa waba iqhawe lesizwe.

oluqinisayo yokubusa kwamakhosi

Ngemva kokufa Afonso ezizukulwane eziningana amakhosi isiPutukezi ikakhulukazi aqhubeka khona nomsebenzi wakhe. Sancho eyingoduso e Reconquista futhi khona ukukhuluma ngethonya elandayo nhlonhlo. Ngandlela-thile wakwazi wokukhipha amaMoor kuya eningizimu. Saqala ukwakha amadolobha namadolobhana. Lokhu lula izinguquko ezintsha ezweni. Manje oda Izigodlo Nokho, sasivunyelwa ukuba nengxenye impahla, bathembisa ukwakha nemizana umqhele.

Ngokuya inqubomgomo angaphandle eminyakeni engaphezu maphakathi ukunakwa wahlala Reconquista. Ukuze balwe Saracens bagxila wonke amakhosi Portugal. Uhlu kwekuhlela kabusha enwetshiwe phakathi nokubusa Afonso Podge. ephalamende lokuqala limiswa. Umuzi Uthole kwenkululeko eside. Ngezindlela eziningi, Charter zabo ilungelo lekhophi Rome Statute.

the ukukhula kokuntengantenga

Ngemva kokumiswa yokubusa kwamakhosi, ukuphila sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe cishe akuzange kushintshe. Nge ntshashintshe okuphumelela kwakungamadodana impi amaMoor, futhi osomaqhinga aqhubeka uzame Nqamula uqobo ethonyeni Castile. Nokho, inkambo evamile wezasekhaya lashintsha nge ummango beya sobukhosi Pedro 1. Inkosi yasePortugal, kuyilapho umbusi, watshala ibhomu ngaphansi esihlalweni sakhe sobukhosi. Uyise wayefuna Afonso umshado lesine kuya Royals Castilia. ekubumbaneni esinjalo kwakumelwe ukuqinisa umbuso isikhundla aqinile kule nhlonhlo. Nokho, umshado nendodakazi kombusi akazange athathe indawo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uMbusi Alfonso enquma ukushada le indodakazi yenkosi. Kodwa ngoba wayeshade umkakhe ukubala wasekhaya, ancibilikisa emshadweni. Ngenxa yalokho, baba umakoti, uManuel iqala impi. Ngokushesha isekela isiPutukezi. Nokunamathelisa umfelandawonye ngeke yokushada nendodakazi yakulowo mkhaya Pedro Manuel. Constanza ufika ePortugal. Lapho eseshadile Prince uyazinaka bayanda umngane wakhe Inez. Ngezinye amane nanhlanu unyaka Constance efa ngaphambi kokuba babe nomntwana.

Pedro iqala abaphila ne wasendlini yangaphambili behlonipha umkakhe. U-Ines wase kudala izingane zakhe. Inkosi ukhathalela ukuziphatha indodana yakhe. Ukhipha umyalo wokuba kwakhe ukuthola umngane ofanelekayo. Kodwa Pedro abazange bazilalele iseluleko sakhe ngaya ngisho uthi umshado nokuboshelwa Inez. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakunabazalwane nezihlobo beze Portugal. bathola izikhundla kuhulumeni ophakeme ngesandla ukukhanya kwesikhulu. Kuyinto ukhathazeke kakhulu uyise ukwazi. Qala ukusakaza amahlebezi mayelana nokwenzeka impi, ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi ngemva kokufa Afonso Okwesine. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, wazi konke ukwesaba Castilians amandla bamba kuleli zwe, nakuba izihlobo, futhi Inez zaxoshwa Spain.

ukufa elidala yenkosi

Ngenxa yalokho, Afonso ayikwazi ukumelana nalokho kucindezela. Efuna uvikelekile ikusasa lwamakhosi zayo, wathumela ngasese ababulali ezintathu. Ngenxa yalokho Inez abulawe. Izindaba ngokufa ethandekayo kubangela Pedro wagan 'unwabu. Yena enqaba ngayo ukuqaphela uyise ilungiselela zabhikisha. Kodwa ngokushesha ukubuyisana. Futhi emva kwesikhashana Afonso wesine sife ngaphansi kwezimo engaqondakali. Ngonyaka amahlanu anesixhenxe Pedro umqhele. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi wayesezokufa, akazange uthethelele lokubulala unkosikazi wakhe. Okokuqala, uqala ukucinga ababulali lover. Waze uphatha ukuxoxisana Castile ukuze ayiswe yabo. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, wabahola abantwana abasolwa ababili. Yena uqobo ukuphuma izinhliziyo zabo. Lesi sakamuva ephethwe ukufihla konke ukuphila komuntu.

Njengoba le nkolelo-ze, emva ukusika izinhliziyo, wachitha isiko bebangalasa. Kusolakala ngaphambilini le nkosi Ines aphume lomngcwabo, owembethe ingubo, wembatha sobukhosi. Ngemva okuyinto zonke izicukuthwane kwadingeka ukuba bafunge ukuthi bayoqhubeka bezithoba kuye futhi wanga isandla sakhe (ngokuvumelana kweminye imithombo - ingubo). Azikho imithombo ethembekile, echaza lesi senzakalo, cha, kodwa kukhona iphethini.

inqubomgomo angaphandle

Pedro wokubusa besihambisana nesiminyaminya izinguquko inqubomgomo angaphandle. Manje kuza kuqala kwaba England. amanxusa Portuguese uvakashele njalo Albion. Yayisayinwe eziningi izivumelwano zohwebo evumela abathengisi komthungo ukungenisa izimpahla zabo ensimini imibuso emibili. Nakuba sokulondoloza ukuthula yaseSpain. Reconquista wathuthuka kunalokho kancane. Ngoba manje amaMoor ngokuya Okubukwe njengabantu obambisene nabo okunamandla emzabalazweni esifundeni.

Nokho, lapho izinguquko ngempela yimpumelelo kuleli zwe futhi enqoba ukuya yimuphi uma luqhathaniswa nothando imidlalo Pedro Okokuqala. Ngenxa yomlando eyinkimbinkimbi yama nabafazi abathathu inkosi ayikwazanga udale phansi kangcono impi yombango.

Ukuwa kwe-lwamakhosi

Ngemva kokufa Pedro ukudluliswa kwamandla indodana yakhe awathola kumkakhe wokuqala Fernadu. Waqala wokubusa kwakhe kunalokho nabafuna izikhundla. Ngokushesha ngemva kokufa koMbusi Castilia uthi ukutjho kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ukusebenzisa njengoba behlobene kwebhaxa ugogo wakhe, yena uzama ukuhlanganisa amandla ezandleni zabo, hhayi kuphela phezu Portugal kodwa Castile ne Leon. Nokho, azi Spanish enqaba ukwamukela ke. Ukuze aphebeze lokho inkantolo Castilia, Fernando yakha umfelandawonye Saracens, empini iqala. Ngemva kwesikhashana ke kuphazamise Pope lokho kuthula iqala. Nokho, Fernando asideli izimangalo zabo, kodwa ukhohlwe kuphela ngazo isikhashana. Ngesikhathi ukuphikelela sesihlalo sobukhosi sobupapa, le nkosi yayiyisazi yokushada nendodakazi yakulowo mkhaya yenkosi Castilia. Kunalokho, Fernando ethatha umfazi Leonora Menezes. Iqala kwenye impi. IsiPutukezi uphathe ukuphetha eziningi izivumelwano futhi zisekela azihlanganisa ukukholisa uHenry a kuthula.

Kodwa Genriha Korol ka eSpain nasePortugal ngemva kokufa (njengoba azi-) Fenrandu kuqala ucele ukuba kube usizo eNgilandi. Edward ithumela amasosha akhe ngemikhumbi nendodakazi yakhe e Lisbon. Ngemva komshado wakhe bazomasha ukuba Castile. Kodwa inkosi ngokuzumayo azilahle izimangalo zawo futhi baphethe ukuthula. Ngalesi kuyawuphofisa ibutho IsiZulu nezinto zayo. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha izenzakalo, Fernando uyafa. Ngemva kwakhe, kukhona nkathi yeziyaluyalu.

Interregnum futhi inkathi yokwehla

Ngemva kokufa Fernando asihlali indlalifa ochamela udonga. Amandla idluliselwa endodakazini yakhe. Futhi ngenxa yobudala bakhe abasha, empeleni - kunina. Leonora esenza usongo futhi ngokushesha uthola umthandi entsha. Indodakazi uzonikeza out for the indlalifa Castilia. Lokhu kuzokwenza lasePortugal ngxenye yeSpain. Yazi kuyinto Angenelisekile kakhulu leli qiniso. Kusukela nimunye Castile kuphambene izimiso eziyisisekelo inqubomgomo angaphandle, okuyinto ababethi wonke amakhosi wangaphambilini yasePortugal. Uhlu contender ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi ezikhulayo nsuku zonke. Ngokuyisisekelo asizalwanga ngokuphinga Pedro nozalo lwabo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ezweni langena kwekuhlela kabusha engathandwa. Zonke lezi zici kuholele uzungu futhi Icebo lika. Esikhathini ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu unyaka kuvukela iqala Lisbon. Ngenxa yalokho, lezi zihlubuki wabulala Leonora ozithandayo. Ibizwe Cortes (inhlangano yabantwana abasephalamende). Ubusa esikhundleni sayo weNkosi Juan 1. Portugal ngokushesha buqalene nengozi ka ehlasela Spanish. Ngemva ukuxoshwa Beatrice kwaba isimemezelo oqondile empi.

Futhi ukwesaba zakaSawula besifanele. Huang lokuqala lihlasela nebutho elikhulu. Inhloso yayo Lisbon. On ohlangothini Castilians wenza esikwatini French. Njengoba usizo ahlangene e Portugal livela IsiZulu expeditionary amandla abacibisheli eziyisithupha. Ngemva yezimpi ezinkulu ezimbili abaseSpain uphinde ulahle izimangalo okwakufanele abe inkosi. Ngemva kwalokho, Juan kwaholela Inqubomgomo ikakhulu elinokuthula. Izinguquko main ukhathazekile izinguquko zangaphakathi. Thuthukisa isiko nemfundo. Sakhula kakhulu, eziningi edolobheni.

Ukuhlanganisa lezi zingosi amandla

Izicukuthwane bezilokhu insika umphakathi, lapho inkosi yakwa-Portugal wathembela. Umlando uyazi amakhulu izibonelo lapho wadlubulunda + enkosini yakhe. Ngemva kokuba amandla Aviz Dynasty izicukuthwane isimo sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabikho ekwaziseni amakhosi amasha. Duarte, isibonelo, wanika inkantolo omningi umhlaba. Ngenxa yalokho, baye ithola uzibuse ngaphezulu. Lokhu inkinga isixazululekile futhi waba iNkosi Portugal Joao 2 ngokushesha ngemva emqansweni idale isikhungo esisha - Royal Commission efuze. It kushintshiwe amalungelo izicukuthwane emazweni awo. Ekuphenduleni ezinqala isinyathelo ezicukuthwaneni enjalo balungiselela icebo.

Nokho, sasivumela ngokushesha embule. Inhloko amavukelambuso ukubamba, futhi izindlu kwakhe kuyasuswa ekuvinjezelweni kwezinhloko zamaviyo wasebukhosini. Ngemva kwalokho uthuthuva nangenye nozungu ukubulala inkosi futhi obiza nokubusa pretender Castilia. Kodwa lembula Juan. Portugal Inkosi uqobo obulala umholi we bakhi.

Juan wayezifunela udumo kakhulu futhi bayazikhukhumeza. Wayefanele engasenathonya futhi zibe nomthelela omkhulu ku inkantolo. Ngaba nesithakazelo lapho ngibona ubuciko nempi. Ngisesekhaya yinkosana, ngokuvamile iqhaza tournaments knightly, eye njalo uhamba phambili. Wayengumuntu lweli yinye elukhuni amandla. Nokho ukubukelwa sphere eziningi zobuntu. Futhi ivelele kusukela yomcebo yasebukhosini nezimali ezinkulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, bathi wayeyingane efana nezinye okhuthele chess umdlali. Ngisho ngokukhethekile abamenyiwe abaculi European iqembu.

Izinganekwane mayelana nendlela bobukhosi

Phakathi nokubusa Juan Okwesithathu amahemuhemu zasakazeka esigodlweni kaHenry udade Margaret futhi 8 Inkosi yasePortugal kungenzeka ushade. Ubuhlobo obuseduze ne Britain baye basungula ngaphezulu ngesikhathi Pedro Okokuqala. AbaseBrithani Bahamba Phambili Ekubukeni ababevame ukucula ohlangothini isiPutukezi ezimpini nge Castile. Ngakho-ke, i-eziningi kubonakala sengathi Tudors uzonikezwa enye yamadodakazi ayo ngokuthi yeJuan aqinise ubuhlobo ahlangene. UDade Marguerite uHenry 8 kanye Inkosi yasePortugal Eqinisweni, cishe, ngisho kubonakala nomunye. Nokho, ezinganekwaneni eziningi ziye wabahlanganisa. Ikakhulukazi, ethandwa wesimanje ewuchungechunge yethelevishini "I Tudors" UMargarita ngesakhiwo ushada isiPutukezi.

Maphakathi omunye "bobukhosi 'legend abadumile waphenduka Sebastian. Inkosi yasePortugal enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi ngokushesha ngemva kokushona kukayise. Ros nasesimweni esingesihle. Ezemfundo empeleni wasebenza Cardinal. Umama wabalekela Spain, futhi ugogo washona ngemva nje. Ngenxa yalokho, lo mfana waba inkosi egcwele iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu. Futhi cishe ngokushesha waya impi yakhe siqu afa kuwo. Ekhaya isikhathi eside ngaya legend okuthiwa SEBASTIAN uyaphila futhi balungiselela ukubuyela ezweni ukuze ngiwusindise kusukela izimangalo we-Spanish iNkosi uPhilip. Ngenxa isimo sengqondo esinjalo kuleli umphakathi, izikhathi eziningana Portugal babe nabakhohlisi abathi sobukhosi.

Ukuphela ohlanga

Ngu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, amakhosi ohlanga kwaba ziyawohloka. Ukuvikela amandla abo umqhele kwaqina ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abantu ekusakazeni inhliziyo sezenhlalo kanye republic. isiphetho ubushiqela ePortugal kwanqunywa lokuqala ngoFebhruwari 1908. Ngu lokushintsha amandla inkosi, abanye Republican babekhuphukela okuqalisa uguquko. Ngakho-ke, wabulala Carlos Okokuqala nomkhaya wakhe wokunene maphakathi Lisbon. Noma kunjalo, ongomunye wezindlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi wakwazi ukusinda. Umama ukulondolozwa eziyishumi-uManuela. Nokho, akazange besaba nandaba nezindaba zomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, kuleli zwe eminyakeni emibili kamuva waqala inguquko ezaholela kokugumbuqelwa ohlanga nesimemezelo weRiphabhulikhi.

Ngakho lapho isiphelile le minyaka engamakhulu eyisikhombisa emlandweni yokubusa kwamakhosi ePortugal. Ekuqaleni, izisulu the corona uhambisane nezidingo zikazwelonke abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sobukhosi kwakukhona sibumbane formative isizwe isiPutukezi. umsebenzi Political iyefana. NokuVikelwa Inkosi yasePortugal yatshelwa behlukene yindawo ithonya Spanish. Kwezikhathi amakhosi kanye amagatsha ejwayelekile agcinwe Lisbon Jeronimos Monastery. Abaningi lokuzalwa wasebukhosini ubuhlobo obuseduze izindlu edume kakhulu eYurophu.