Ekaterina 2: inqubomgomo absolutism ukukhanyiselwa (kafushane). Empress uCatherine Omkhulu

UCatherine II Alekseevna babusa 1741 kuya 1796. Wazama ukuqhubeka enkambweni wathatha uPetru I. Kodwa ke yafua ukumlandela imigomo New Age. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe kwakukhona kwekuhlela kabusha eziningana ezijulile zokuphatha, futhi kwelulwe kakhulu insimu ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. UMbusikazi waba kwengqondo ikhono sikatata ezinkulu.

Injongo wokubusa uCatherine II sika

Semthethweni amalungelo amakilasi ngabanye - umgomo izisethile Catherine 2. Umthetho absolutism ukukhanyiselwa ngamafuphi - social ohlelweni, lapho le nkosi uyazi ukuthi kuyinto umphathiswa zombuso, ngenkathi isigaba uyakuqonda ngokusobala okumele ukwenze ukuze ngokuzithandela ebusa nkosi. Ekaterina Velikaya wafuna umfelandawonye phakathi okuthiwa i-monarch umphakathi lwenziwe kungabi ngokucindezelwa, kodwa ngu ukuqaphela yokuzithandela amalungelo nemisebenzi yabo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngoba zikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundo, kwezebhizinisi nezimboni, isayensi. Journalism futhi eladabuka le nkathi. French Ukukhanyiselwa - Diderot, uVoltaire - yibona omsebenzi wakhe wawuqondiswa Ekaterina 2. Umthetho absolutism ukukhanyiselwa kufingqwe lapha ngezansi.

Uyini "absolutism ukukhanyiselwa"?

Inqubomgomo ye absolutism ukukhanyiselwa wathatha nasemazweni amaningana aseYurophu (Prussia, Sweden, Portugal, Austria, eDenmark, Spain nokunye. D.). Ingqikithi inqubomgomo absolutism ukukhanyiselwa - i nkosi umzamo ngobumnene shintsha isimo sabo ngokuhambisana nemibandela ekushintsheni zokuphila. Lokhu kwakudingekile ukuze ugweme lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso.

Ngesisekelo ngemibono of absolutism ukukhanyiselwa babe izinto ezimbili:

1. nefilosofi Ukukhanyiselwa.
2. kuyimfundiso yobuKristu.

Njengoba umgomo kufanele ukuba babekhululeka kanjani wehlise kokungenela umbuso emnothweni, ukuthuthukisa codifying imithetho, kushaywa kwemtsetfo ekilasini. esontweni futhi kwadingeka ukuba bazithobe ukucwaninga isimo okwesikhashana buthaka, incwadi ukushicilela nemfundo ngakhuthazwa.

iSigele kabusha

Omunye izinguquko lokuqala uCatherine II kwaba nezinguquko iSigele. Isinqumo Disemba 15, 1763 ushintshe okusetshenzelwa nesakhiwo iSigele. Manje yena uye bancishwa amandla okushaya imithetho. Manje wayesekwazi ukwenza ukulawula umsebenzi kuphela, futhi wahlala umzimba esiphakeme kakhulu kwezomthetho.

izinguquko ezihlelekile ihlukaniswe iSigele 6 neminyango. Ngamunye wabo waba yomthetho kuchazwe kahle. anda Ngakho nokusebenza ngendlela, njengoba igunya central. Kodwa lokhu iSigele isibe yithuluzi ngamandla rukaz. Wayefanele ukulalela iNdlovukazi.

Ikhomishini Legislative

Ngo 1767 Ekaterina Velikaya obize le Commission Legislative. Injongo yalo kwakumelwe abonise ubunye nkosi nezikhonzi zakhe. Ukuze yakha sithunyiwe, Ukhetho lubanjwe amakilasi, abazi zihlanganisa ngasese abalimi. Ngenxa yalokho, uKhomishane kwadingeka 572 amasekela: kwamadoda asebukhosini, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, abalimi kanye Cossacks. Imisebentiluhlolo Commission yayihlanganisa ekubhaleni nohlu lwemithetho, kanye Conciliar Ikhodi 1649 isishintshanisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele ukuthuthukisa izinyathelo ukuze serfs lula ukuphila kwabo. Kodwa lokhu kwaholela yokuhlukanisa salo msebenzi. Ngamunye iqembu amalungu ePhalamende balwele amalungelo abo. Impikiswano baqhubeka isikhathi eside ukuze Ekaterina Velikaya ngacabanga ukuthi iyeke ukusebenza amasekela obize. IKhomishana wasebenza iminyaka eyisithupha futhi usuhlakazekile ekuqaleni kwempi Russian-Turkish.

izincwadi patent

Maphakathi nawo-70 nasekuqaleni 90 sika uCatherine II baphishekela izinguquko ezinkulu. Isizathu sokuba kube lenguquko kwaba Pugachev ukuhlubuka. Ngakho-ke, kukhona kufanele ziqinise amandla monarchical. Icacisa amandla kuhulumeni wasekhaya, kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo izifundazwe, Sich amiswe, serfdom ladluliselwa Ukraine, umninindlu liye landa ngamandla abalimi. Isifundazwe oholwa kumbusi wesifundazwe, owayebhekwa ngiyimbangela yazo zonke izinto. Generalgouvernement ihlanganisa izifundazwe ezimbalwa.

Izincwadi emadolobheni patent kusukela 1775 enwetshiwe amalungelo abo ukuzibusa. Iphinde bekhululiwe abathengisi izinsizwa kanye Intela-poll. Ibhizinisi waqala ukuthuthukisa. Imeya wagijima edolobheni, nezinduna okhethwe inhlangano ezihloniphekayo, County umbusi.

Ikilasi ngalinye manje beyiba isikhungo yayo ekhethekile zokwahlulela. Kuhulumeni sigudluke maphakathi gravity izikhungo zendawo. Izinkinga kanye nezindaba zalunga isheshe.

Ngo 1785 Charter ukuba babe ubufakazi izephula-mthetho ezihloniphekayo, ngubani uPetru III. Ezicukuthwaneni manje ekhululiwe kuhlawuliswa futhi ekuthathweni kwempahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakha ohulumeni.

nezinye kwekuhlela kabusha

Miningi eminye kwekuhlela kabusha ayenziwe, lapho inqubomgomo absolutism ukukhanyiselwa lwenziwe. Ithebula ubonisa nezinye kwekuhlela kabusha ebalulekile iNdlovukazi.

New Deal awukuthelelwanga

Inqubomgomo ye absolutism ukukhanyiselwa eRussia yaba ngeyesikhashana. Ngemva inguquko eFrance ngo 1789, iNdlovukazi yanquma ukushintsha inqubomgomo. Yaba ukucwaninga kwaqina izincwadi kanye namaphephandaba.

UCatherine Omkhulu Russian Empire liphendulwe ogunyaziwe, umbuso wezwe onamandla. Izikhulu kwaba izindlu nelungelo, izikhulu enwetshiwe amalungelo ukuzibusa. Thina ukudala izimo ezikahle ze ezweni ukuqhubeka ukuthuthukisa kwezomnotho. Sonke lesi sikhathi ukwenza Catherine 2. Umthetho absolutism ukukhanyiselwa, ngamafuphi, eRussia ukuze alondoloze futhi uqinise kwamakhosi ngokuphelele futhi feudalism. Imibono eziyisisekelo Diderot futhi uVoltaire kwakungenzekanga impande: imikhakha yokubusa ungazange siqediwe, nabantu ningabi alinganayo. Kunalokho, umehluko phakathi amakilasi kuphela kwaqina. Esikhathini inkohlakalo ezweni yanda. Abantu musa ukhululeke ukunikeza ukufunjathiswa. Yini eyaholela inqubomgomo bezingelwa Catherine 2, inqubomgomo absolutism ukukhanyiselwa? Singasho kafushane bachazwa futhi ngalendlela: zigoqiwe ngokuphelele uhlelo lwezimali kanye, ngenxa yalokho, esimweni esibucayi kakhulu kwezomnotho.