Izincwadi Russian of 14-15 eminyaka

Nakuba aya kulo apogee aseNyakatho Renaissance, uphansi impela e ezingeni yentuthuko yobuciko Russian nezincwadi bachuma isiko Italy nezincwadi High Renaissance, futhi enyakatho yeYurophu, e-Germany Holland.

Ngo namakhulu eminyaka 14-15th ubukhulu Russian nje waqala ukuthuthumela nokuzamazama uya kusukela emahlombe abo umlotha eside futhi kubuhlungu Tatar-Mongol ijoka. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi isikhathi eside sihluke izincwadi ilandisa Yobumnyama.

izincwadi Early Russian

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi Medieval principalities Russian ikakhulu siqukethe lwemilando, iningi lazo ongeke ukwazi okungaziwa, kanye nezimpilo yabangcwele. Temlomo abantu izincwadi zangenkathi ephakathi Russia lalinabashumayeli yezinganekwane iculo. Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi 14-15 eminyaka, ngokulandelana, siqukethe izincwadi temlomo, zemihla ngemihla kanye Ukuphila. Engxenyeni kwekhulu le-15 kwesibili, ke nesithakazelo ezinganekwaneni angaphandle kanye nomsebenzi wokuziphilisa.

lokusungula Verbal (noma temdzabu) - iwuhlelo abantu ubuciko, lidlule ngomlomo. Temdzabu okuhambisa amasiko kanye yalelozwe abantu, ukudala izithombe eliyingqayizivele kanye ematfuba ibinzana. Phakathi izinhlobo ezinkulu Russian Folk art nethonya okhethekileko ukuqhubeka Izincwadi kwakufanele epics, yezinganekwane iculo zomlando.

Izinhlobo of temdzabu

Ngokungafani izincwadi ezibhaliwe, owawungumnyaka okuyisidina futhi cishe eligxile ezintweni ngokuphelele, izincwadi ngemlomo ngaloko lokusandza kwenteka 14-15 eminyaka eRussia wayegcwele ezihlukahlukene amafomu kanye izinhlobo. Ukuze ezisekhona imisebenzi okuqondene chants isiko, Epos, inganekwane, futhi yebo, izaga eyaziwa kahle, amazwi, ezihlekisayo, futhi lullabies.

Bylina - uhlobo yokuqala temdzabu isiRashiya, inguqulo yasekuqaleni ye nendumezulu yiqhawe okutshengisa yangempela impumelelo zomlando abantu. Epics zivame eyayihambisana izakhi eqanjiwe futhi exaggerates amandla namaqhawe.

Tales - izindaba eqanjiwe noma epics, Ixoxwa ngolimi olulula futhi ukugxila isenzo esisodwa noma feat, ayegcwele izinhlamvu wasenganekwaneni futhi magic.

iculo zomlando - uhlobo ka temdzabu, wathatha ijamo ngekhulu le-14 futhi limelela rethinking we engakaze ibonwe. Odumisa izenzakalo ezibaluleke zomlando nobuntu ahlobene nawo.

izincwadi ezibhaliwe

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi ubudala 14-15 kwadingeka ifomu eyingqayizivele - yonke imisebenzi, kuhlanganise zemihla ngemihla omkhulu, izindela ikopishwa ngesandla. Izincwadi zazimbalwa, futhi cishe ezingazange lalikhona ngaphandle kwendlu yesonto.

Ngaphezu yinkimbinkimbi ukukopisha amaphepha, izincwadi 14-15 eminyaka eRussia cishe hhayi ebhekene nomqondo we-copyright - yimuphi indela, umsebenzi ubhalwe kabusha ungakwazi ukwengeza noma ususe ingxenye ukuthi ngesikhathi kubhekwe kunesidingo. Ngakho, akukho msebenzi eyabhalwa ngaphambi kuka-Maphakathi nekhulu le-16, lapho kwakuyoba okufanayo ngeduplikhethi.

zezilimi eziningi nezazi etemibhalo usola ukuthi abanye zemihla siwumkhiqizo wokuziphendukela lokusungula ngokuhlanganyela. Isisekelo salokhu ukungalandelani ngokolimi nesitayela ngaphakathi omunye futhi ukusebenza efanayo. Lokhu kusebenza zemihla hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi uhlala yabangcwele.

Uhlobo ukungaguquguquki cefe ngokomzwelo

izincwadi Russian 14-15 eminyaka, ngisho kuze kube 17-18 Sekuyiminyaka athuthukile conservatively kakhulu. amasiko Literary netimiso lokubhala edingekayo umsebenzi uhlobo oluthile. Ngakho-ke, izici zendlela yokubhala kanye uhlobo imisebenzi angiguquki ngokuzumayo, kodwa ngokushelela, sengathi okubuya enye. Kwakomile ngakho nezincwadi isonto olukhuni baba ngokomzwelo futhi eduze abantu.

kungaba yingozi Tatar ijoka ngokujulile washaqeka ngokuthi umlimi elula noma wengcweti usosayensi indela zenzisa. Ngo isililo esisodwa, usizi ezivame nokuvukela okuphakade wazalwa ukungena kwezincwadi ezintsha Russian 14-15 eminyaka, sihlanganisa indlela eyomile zokubukwa ilandisa izimpilo ulimi ocebile, kanye nezithombe kanye ubuzwe ngomlomo.

Heritage of the izincwadi zokuqala

Thanda ubuKristu, ngokubhala, nezincwadi wafika principalities isiRashiya ababevela ngaphandle, lokhu cishe kungani irekhodi lokuqala kanye nezimpilo ayifane kangaka WaseByzantium nokunye ephawulekayo ezahlukene kusukela temdzabu. Nakuba ulimi yezindaba zemihla ngemihla ome futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, Folk songs, yezinganekwane epics, naphezu lomdabu, egcwele izithombe ngokucace futhi agcinwe kalula.

izifundiswa eziningi futhi baxgeki, ikakhulukazi Slavophiles nabasekeli imibono yabo, cabanga ukuthi izincwadi Russian ezikhathini zanamuhla, kuhlanganise igolide amajwabu amehlo akhe, ukweleta okwakhe zayo kuphela ubunjalo umphefumulo isiRashiya, indlela eziyinqaba, inhlanganisela okungalindelekile isitatimende ezomile amaqiniso, a ukuzishaya ezijulile futhi izithombe ezinothile izincwadi zasendulo. Iqiniso lokuthi ngekhulu le-11 kwakukhona ukungavumelani, izulu nomhlaba, ekhulwini 14-15 kwaba okuxubile.

Izincwadi zokuqala ungumthombo iningi umoya Russian. imibono kaZwelonke, ubuzwe nokuziphatha yokuqala, zonke esihlukanisa izincwadi namuhla Russian, babevela Emakhulwini eminyaka okuqala ngemva ukhona. Lokho izincwadi 14-15 eminyaka kwavula indlela yezinganekwane olukhulu Pushkin, Gogol izindaba Amazing futhi izinkondlo Lermontov, okuyinto yena, kwaba nethonya okwakhayo ku Ngokuzayo isiko Russian.