Isizwe singumsebenzi othandwayo

Bangaki kithi abazwile igama elithi "civil", futhi uma uzwile, bangachaza yini akwenzayo? Phakathi naleso sikhathi, omunye wamaqhawe wevelidi ye-Kuprin AI. "U-Yama" wayeqiniseka ukuthi angathola imali eyizigidi ngokuzikhandla nje ngokuba ngumphakathi. Ingabe lokhu akusona isizathu sokufunda kabanzi mayelana nomkhakha womsebenzi wabantu abahlali, ngoba namuhla izinsizakalo zabo azikho ngaphansi kokufunwa kunezinsuku ze-Kuprin.

Ubani ongomphakathi?

Lo ummeli onguchwepheshe wezomthetho, ngakho-ke isayensi yomthetho womphakathi ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi yimpucuko. Igama elithi "civil" liLatini, ngakho-ke imvelaphi yalo kumele ifunwe emithethweni yomthetho eyenziwe ngabameli baseRoma yaseRoma mayelana nezinqumo zempikiswano yomhlaba.

Ngemuva kokunqotshwa kweRoma ngezizwe zabangabenzi kanye namakhulu amaningi eminyaka umthetho waseRoma eYurophu awuzange usetshenziswe kuze kufike ku-Renaissance. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abameli baphinde banesithakazelo ekuhlinzekeni okuyisisekelo somthetho wabantu baseRoma, futhi ngekhulu le-XIX, izinkambiso zalo zazigcwele ngokugcwele noma ngokuguqulwa okungeziwe emakhokheni wombuso wase-Austria, eFrance, eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe.

Yini eyenza umphakathi?

Impucuko yanamuhla ihlola umsuka nokuthuthukiswa kwezinkambiso zomthetho womphakathi, okuqukethwe kwazo, ukusebenza kahle kwesicelo, indima yabo ohlelweni lwezomthetho nasemiphakathini yomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, impucuko isondelene kakhulu nesayensi eminingi yezenhlalakahle: umlando, isayensi yezombusazwe, ezomnotho, ezomphakathi, njll.

Izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulahla noma ukulondoloza amalungelo omzali, ukunakekelwa, izinyathelo zesehlukaniso, inkinga yokuhlukanisa ifa noma impahla ehlanganisiwe - konke lokhu kuwumthwalo womphakathi. Lokhu, yiqiniso, akuyona yodwa inkundla yomsebenzi wakhe.

Esimweni samanje, isibonelo, ukubhaliswa ngokomthetho kokuthengiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe kubaluleke kakhulu, njengabameli bombuso. Ngelinye igama, umuntu ongomphakathi uyingcweti edingekayo futhi ehloniphekile namuhla.

Izakhamuzi zakudala nezamanje

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, ukuvuselelwa kwenzuzo emthethweni waseRoma kwaholela ekufakeni izinhlinzeko zayo ezihlukene emibhalweni yomphakathi yamazwe aseYurophu, okudinga ukucwaninga okuphambili kokuqala. Lokhu kwahilela abantu abaningi abadumile, kuhlanganise nesiRussia.

Omunye wabo kwakunguNikolai Mikhailovich Korkunov, owaphothula eNyuvesi yoMthetho waseSt. Petersburg ngo-1874. Kuze kube manje, inkambo yakhe "Inkolelo Yomthetho Kazwelonke" iyisifundo esiphezulu kakhulu encwadini ye-encyclopedia yomthetho.

I-Olympiad Semenovich Ioffe wayephethe enye yeminyango yomthetho we-Leningrad University. Ungumbhali wezincwadi ezingaphezu kwezingu-60 kanye ne-monographs emthethweni womphakathi, kanye nomlando wempucuko. Izinqubo zikaProfesa Ioffe OS zihunyushwe ngezilimi ezingu-9 zangaphandle. Kusukela ngo-1981, wafundisa emaYunivesithi aseHarvard nase-Connecticut.

Intshisekelo emthethweni wezomthetho manje, njengasesikhathini esedlule, iphezulu kakhulu, okwenza umsebenzi wezombusazwe ohloniphekile nodumile.